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• X-31 (US/Germany program)
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Germany
X-31A Post stall experimental aircraft (US/Germany program)
• First X program with Int’l partner
•Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability
•EFM using thrust vectoring
•Goal: tactical advantage of EFM in
post stall up to 70 deg AoA
•Rockwell and MBB
X-31A Flight Control Laws
• Pilot cmd (p,q,r)
•Sensed feedback (p,q,r,,)
•Actuation cmd (SF ,DF, C, R,,)
•K - LTI controller
•Optimal LQ digital regulator
•Scheduled with , M, h
•Nonlinear feedforward blocks
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Germany
VECTOR X-31A program
•Vectoring Extremely short-takeoff-and-landing Control Tailless Operation
Research (VECTOR)
•Boeing, US Navy, German BWB and EADS
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Germany
Flight control system for A380
• Size and flexibility
• EU funded REAL (Robust and Efficient
Autoland control Law design).
– Industry and research institutions from
France, Germany and the Netherlands
– Benchmark was DLR ATTAS aircraft.
DLR REAL flight control design approach
•Multi-Objective Parameter Synthesis (MOPS).
•Robustness addressed via multi-model, optimization, Monte-Carlo analysis.
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Germany - REAL
•Stability/command augmentation, tracking, guidance
•Inner loops designed using dynamic inversion.
•Total Energy Control System (TECS)
•Lateral tracking uses classical PI control with tuning parameters
•Tuning based on multi-criteria/multi-model parameter opt using MOPS.
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Germany - REAL
DLR autoland controller flight tested in 2000
• DLR autoland control performed well.
Nonlinear ATTAS simulations
• Technical University of Deflt (Netherlands) developed a -controller to
replace the dynamic inversion inner-loop controller.
• ONERA (France) developed a fixed-order H controller.
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Germany - IRIS-T
Infra-Red Imagining System-Tail (IRIS-T) Missile
• Thrust-vectored control, next generation short-range missile.
• Being developed with Greece, Italy, Norway and Sweden.
• Extreme maneuverability.
• -synthesis robust control technique used to design lateral and roll
controllers.
– Scheduled on dynamic pressure
• Successful flight test in May 2000.
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Italy
Eurofighter
• Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain.
• Quad redudant, full authority DFCS.
Alenia responsible for basic autopilot
• Longitudinal axis controls attitude or pitch angle, lateral axis controls bank
angle and heading.
• Autopilot designed using classical control tools.
– Control structure defined, Nicholas/Bode plots, linear time responses.
– Large amplitude, nonlinear closed-loop simulations.
– Modified control structure with nonlinear elements.
– Mode logic increased nonlinear elements to satisfy mode schedules.
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Sweden
Saab/BAE JAS 39 Gripen
• Contract awarded in 1982
• Lightweight, multi-role combat aircraft
• All moving, delta canard configuration
• Hungary (2003) orders 14, 232 ordered
SAAB
SHARC
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Sweden
• Pilot-induced Oscillation (PIO)
• First test aircraft crashed after 6th flight (1989), first operational aircraft
crashed in 1993.
• Partial cause: PIO related to control surface servo rate limits.
– Reduced phase margin or extra delay in feedback loop.
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Sweden
Controller modification based on PIOs
• Feedback phase compensation based on anti-windup methods.
• Increased or advanced phase around nonlinearity.
• Low pass filters used to eliminate biases and high frequency roll off issues
• Flight tested and verified.
• Phase compensation technique used in place of rate limiters in Gripen
production flight control system.
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United Kingdom
Commercial
• Airbus
Military
• Harrier
• Saab/BAE JAS 39 Gripen
• Eurofighter
• Lockheed Martin/BAE F-35 JSF
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UK - Jaguar and EAP Programs
• FBW Jaguar program (1980s) precursor to VAAC
• Prove principles of active
control technology, establish
design and flight clearance
techniques for DFCS.
• First UK aeroplane equipped
with full authority DFCS.
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UK - Jaguar and EAP Programs
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