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development process, lessons learned and best practices.
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Background
Survey of the current practices and control design approaches
used by the aircraft industry.
• Brazil , Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom),
Israel, Russia, United States of America
Caveats:
• Limited information on techniques used in industry.
• Some companies consider the control architecture, algorithms etc. to be IP.
• Companies that publish more are better represented in this talk.
• Almost all the references cited were published in English.
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Brazil
Embraer ERJ-170 aircraft
Flight control design philosophy
– Docile and benign as possible flying qualities behavior (behaviour)
– Digital fly-by-wire (FBW) control system would allow complex flight
controllers, cost constraints and accelerated time schedule led to
selection of standard classical flight control system.
– In-flight simulation using Veridian Variable Stability Learjet.
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Europe
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Europe
Long tradition of aeronautical research.
• Close links between universities and industry
• To increase cooperation, the Association of European Research
Establishments in Aeronautics (EREA) found in 1994.
– CIRA (Italy), DERA (Great Britain), DLR (Germany), FFA (Sweden), INTA
(Spain), NLR (Dutch) and ONERA (France, 1999).
– Group for Aeronautical Research and Technology in Europe (GARTEUR)
• GARTEUR Flight Mechanics Action Group 08 (1994-1997)
– Robust control design methods
• GARTEUR Flight Mechanics Action Group 11 (1999-2002)
– New Analysis Techniques for Clearance of Flight Control Laws
• Many European aircraft industries are multi-national and parts of the same
aircraft flight control laws are designed in more than one country.
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France
Concorde
Epsilon
Rafale
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France
• Mirage 2000, Rafale C
• Airbus
– Major partner in European consortium of French, German, Spain and
U.K. companies
– A300/A310, A320, A330/A340, A380 under design.
– Developer of commercial fly-by-wire (FBW) system.
• A320 was first commercial aircraft to enter service with a FBW
flight control system (1988).
• A340 2nd generation FBW certified in 1992.
• All Airbus flight control surfaces are electronically controlled and
hydraulically activated.
• UAVs
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France – Airbus A320
A320 Flight Control Laws
• Improve the natural flying qualities, particularly the stability, control and
flight envelope protection.
Longitudinal Control
• Load factor demands
• Classical proportional plus integral control
Lateral-directional Control
• Roll rate, sideslip and bank angle commands
• Classical proportional plus integral control with a gain matrix for stability
and roll rate/sideslip decoupling.
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France – Airbus A340
A340 Flight Control Laws
• Reproduced architecture/principles
for A320
• Increased size and flexibility,
required addition of structural mode
control to reduce structural mode
vibration.
Structural Mode Suppression Controller
• Manual flight controller/Autopilot modified to eliminate interaction.
• Turbulence damping function added to attenuate fuselage response.
• Sufficient bandwidth separation between two controllers minimized interaction.
• Accelerometers were added to sense vibration.
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France – Airbus A380
A380 Flight Control Laws
• High capacity, long range
• Flexibility increases interaction between
control laws and structural dynamic
modes.
• Aeroservo-elastic coupling traditionally
solved by filtering/decoupling, would
require reducing control bandwidth.
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France – Airbus A380
Airbus A380 Approach
•Airframe flexibility taken directly into account when designing the flight
control laws.
• Integrated flight control laws to achieve desired handling qualities and
flexible mode damping requirements leading to extended control bandwidth.
• Flight tested on A340 using A380 models
• Robust to fuel, payload, etc. variations
• Same concept applied to autopilot and manual control laws.
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Germany
Commercial Aviation
• Airbus
• DLR experimental aircraft (ATTAS) Advanced Technologies Testing
Aircraft System.
Military Aviation
• Eurofighter
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