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of the report is the identifi cation
of three basic complexity factors: numeric size,
variety and rules,” the authors say. “All complexity
defi nitions and measures can be described by
these factors.”
The great variety in complexity measures found
by the authors in their study and literature search
refl ects the fact that the contribution of each of
the three factors to overall complexity depends on
how information is processed by the observer, the
authors say. Therefore, they say, complexity can be
expressed in the formula complexity = integration
of observer and basic factors (size, variety, rules).
“To achieve our ultimate goal of developing objective
complexity measures for ATC tools, we need
to integrate the methods presented in this report
with the specifi cations of ATC displays,” say the
authors. “That is our target for the next step.”
FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION • FLIGHT SAFETY DIGEST • JUNE 2005 45
R E S O U R C E S
Radar Control — Collision Avoidance
Concepts: An Output of the Avoiding Action
Working Group. U.K. Civil Aviation Authority
(CAA) Safety Regulation Group (SRG). Civil
Aviation Publication (CAP) 717. Second edition.
Jan. 31, 2005. 20 pp. Available on the Internet
at <www.caa.co.uk> or from The Stationery
Offi ce.***
The report says, “[Air traffi c] controllers who
have not experienced a situation where they
have had to give avoiding action may not appreciate
the way in which, or how quickly, a situation
in which separation is lost can develop into one
where there is a risk of collision.”
Following a loss-of-separation incident in 1997,
the Joint Airprox Assessment Panel of the U.K.
Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) recommended
that CAA act to ensure that emergency-training
programs for controllers teach controllers to use
the words “avoiding action” when immediate
action by a pilot is needed to avoid the risk of
collision when a loss of separation occurs. CAA
accepted the recommendation and established
a group composed of controllers and pilots to
review the factors that make “avoiding action”
instructions suitable.
“This document contains an overview of the
various factors involved and provides a number
of example scenarios and offers guidance on
‘avoiding action’ instructions that may be suitable,”
says the report.
Regulatory Materials
Airworthiness Approval of Traffi c Alert and
Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS II) Version
7.0 and Associated Mode S Transponders.
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Advisory Circular (AC) 20-151. Feb. 7, 2005.
Figures, tables, appendixes, references, glossary.
54 pp. Available from FAA via the Internet
at <www.airweb.faa.gov> or from FAA by
mail.****
This AC offers guidance in obtaining airworthiness
approval of TCAS II, version 7.0, certifi
ed to Technical Standard Order (TSO)-C119b,
and associated Mode S transponders. It does not
refer to other versions of TCAS or transponders.
Guidance is not mandatory, and other methods
of compliance are possible.
The AC describes TCAS II as “an airborne traffi calert
and collision avoidance system that interrogates
ATC [air traffi c control] transponders in
nearby aircraft and uses computer processing to
identify and display potential [collision threats]
and predicted collision threats. The system is designed
to protect a volume of airspace around the
TCAS II–equipped aircraft.”
A TCAS II installation may consist of a TCAS II
processor; a top-mounted directional antenna; a
bottom-mounted blade or directional antenna; a
Mode S transponder with control panel and top
and bottom antennas; a traffi c advisory display
with control panel; resolution advisory displays;
an overhead speaker for voice messages; caution
or warning lights; and associated wiring.
The AC describes components of a TCAS II
system, development of a comprehensive certifi
cation plan and criteria for processes such as
aircraft-performance data collection and analysis,
verifi cation and validation of software, and
evaluation of aircraft maneuvers. An example of
a TCAS II supplement to an airplane fl ight manual
is included, with illustrations and instructions for
fl ight crew about system limitations, operational
procedures, maneuvers and actions recommended
by the system, expected fl ight crew responses and
other information.
Related and applicable documents are identified
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