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• US Department of Defense (DoD) has 20 UAVs in service or
under conceptual development:
• DoD will have invested over $10 Billion in UAVs by 2007*.
• DoD UAV systems will grow to 300 by the year 2010*.
• 32 Nations are developing more than 250 models of UAVs*.
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• Over 60 small and Micro UAV programs are under way
through out the world.
* DoD Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Roadmap: 2002-2027
Background
Flight control design research is a very active area:
• In 2002 alone, 490 flight control design related papers were published.
• Majority new theory or applying theory to aircraft simulations.
• Basis from which the aircraft industry draws its “new” ideas.
Working Group 23 of Advisory Group for Aerospace Research
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and development (AGARD now RTO) noted in 1996:
• Skill required to design an advanced flight control system is not easily
transferred and very little material exists in the open literature to be used
as a reference handbook by designers.
• RTO recommended better documentation of existing flight control system
development process, lessons learned and best practices.
Background
Survey of the current practices and control design approaches
used by the aircraft industry.
• Brazil , Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom),
Israel, Russia, United States of America
Caveats:
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• Limited information on techniques used in industry.
• Some companies consider the control architecture, algorithms etc. to be IP.
• Companies that publish more are better represented in this talk.
• Almost all the references cited were published in English.
Brazil
Embraer 170 aircraft
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Flight control design philosophy
– Docile and benign as possible flying qualities behavior (behavior)
– Digital fly-by-wire (FBW) control system would allow complex flight
controllers, cost constraints and accelerated time schedule led to
selection of standard classical flight control system.
– In-flight simulation using Veridian Variable Stability Learjet.
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Variable-stability In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft,
Multi Axis Thrust Vectoring
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The sole NF-16D, #86048, is still used in the MATV/VISTA programs. Note the tailmounted
spin chute, the dorsal fairing, and the chin-mounted counterweight.
(LMTAS photo)
Variable-stability In-flight Simulator (VISTA) Test
Aircraft, Multi Axis Thrust Vectoring
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F-16 MATV - The variable stability computers and the centerstick were temporarily removed from the
VISTA for the MATV program, which began flight tests in July, 1993. The aircraft performed six
functional flights at the Fort Worth facility in early July and was then ferried to Edwards AFB on
March 15th. The remainder of the rigorous flight tests occurred over there and thrust vectoring in flight
was first used on July 30. This Multi-Axis Thrust-Vectoring programcompromised the investigation of
high angle of attack flights above 20,000 feet. The variable stability computers were put back in place
when the MATV program was concluded in March, 1994. In January 1995 it returned to Forth Worth
before being flown to Wright-Patterson AFB where it was delivered to the Air Force. Over 130 flight
hours have been accumulated with 95 missions.
Variable-stability In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft,
Multi Axis Thrust Vectoring
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Europe
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Europe
Long tradition of aeronautical research.
• Close links between universities and industry
• To increase cooperation, the Association of European Research
Establishments in Aeronautics (EREA) found in 1994.
– CIRA (Italy), DERA (Great Britain), DLR (Germany), FFA (Sweden), INTA
(Spain), NLR (Dutch) and ONERA (France, 1999).
– Group for Aeronautical Research and Technology in Europe (GARTEUR)
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• GARTEUR Flight Mechanics Action Group 08 (1994-1997)
– Robust control design methods
• GARTEUR Flight Mechanics Action Group 11 (1999-2002)
– New Analysis Techniques for Clearance of Flight Control Laws
• Many European aircraft industries are multi-national and parts of the same
aircraft flight control laws are designed in more than one country.
France
Concorde
Epsilon
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Rafale
France
• Mirage 2000, Rafale C
• Airbus
– Major partner in European consortium of French, German, Spain and
U.K. companies
– A300/A310, A320, A330/A340, A380 under design.
– Developer of commercial fly-by-wire (FBW) system.
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