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these problems as soon as possible. This may affect the team either in a positive or a
negative way because of deadline pressure. To avoid this pressure, there mustn’t be
any hurrying. We have approach the problem systematically instead. It is naturally
that everyone approaches a problem from different point of view. This at the same
time can be an advantage and disadvantage of group work. It helps to solve the
problem if we can coordinate the different ideas of everyone. But without being able
to understand each other, it can cause a problem. Sometimes it’s not easy to
understand and accept other’s opinion, especially if we don’t listen to each other. So
the first step of problem solving should be listening to each other.
In our group we had rather positive experience considering problem solving. We
gave out an exercise where the two groups had to make a priority list from unknown
people. They had some information on every person. And from this knowledge they
had to decide who is more and who is less important. They had 20 minutes to agree
on the order that everyone agrees on. Of course everyone had different opinion on
what should be the order. But both of the teams have developed a democratic
system of deciding. One of the groups add points to each person based on different
aspects. The other group voted for the most and least important people. Both of the
teams finished the task earlier than the time limit. It was interesting that although they
had totally different systems, they came up with a similar decision in the end.
4) Dealing with conflict
The lack of conflict-handling can cause very big problems in the team. From the point
of view of problem-solving conflict can have a very bad effect on the team. They are
always time consuming, they create bad atmosphere, and the team cannot work
properly. To avoid this it is worth spending time on solving a conflict so that the team
can operate afterwards effectively. We also created a conflict situation in our group to
observe the problem it can cause. Everyone was given a personality which they had
to consider as theirs. They had to behave as it it was on their paper. And with this
difficulty they had to solve a problem. Although they managed to reach an agreement
at the end, the new situation created a chaos during the exercise. Everyone had to
change their personality, and it wasn’t always easy to do it. Many could not always
act as they were told, because their own personality became them. This was a good
example how difficult is to understand each others personality.
Conclusion
As a result of a good teambuilding, a team can work efficiently it’s members will be
able to cooperate, communicate and understand each other. Now after examining
the leadership from these twpo aspects, we can easily see that leadership is not only
influenced by the leader him/herself, but also by the team he/she is leading.
1
IFAD
IFAD
European Industrial use of
Formal Methods
www.ifad.dk
Dr Peter Gorm Larsen
IFAD A/S
Forskerparken 10A
DK-5230 Odense M
Denmark
2
IFAD
IFAD
European Industrial use of FM
European Academia
FME Profile
The ESPRIT Programme
European Tool Support
Example Industrial Projects
Concluding Remarks
3
IFAD
IFAD
European Academia
Tradition with Abstract Models
Focus on Formal Development
US focus on Automatic Verification
FM taught at most European
Universities
Spreading from the UK
Strong push from EU academia for
standards of FM
4
IFAD
IFAD
What are Formal Methods?
Formal Methods refers to the use of techniques
from logic and discrete mathematics in the
specification, design and development of computer
systems and software.
Mastering of complexity using abstraction.
Reduce argumentation to a calculation which can
be checked by mechanical means.
Replace reviews with a repeatable analysis.
Formal methods can be used at different levels of
rigour.
5
IFAD
IFAD
Classes of Formal Methods
Model-based approaches (VDM, Z, B)
Algebraic approaches (Act One, Larch, OBJ)
Process algebras (CSP, CCS)
Logic-based approaches (RTL, TLA)
Reactive approaches (Petri-nets, SDL, SAO)
Combinations like RAISE (VDM + CSP) and
LOTOS (Act One + CCS).
ISO standards for VDM, Z, LOTOS and ITU
standard for SDL
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