European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions(31)

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5.3.17.9 Selectively switchable stop bars shall be installed in conjunction with at least three taxiway centre line lights (extending for a distance of at least 90 m from the stop bar) in the direction that it is intended for an aircraft to proceed from the stop bar.
5.4.3.35 A taxiway shall be identified by a designator comprising a letter, letters or a combination of a letter or letters followed by a number.
5.4.3.36 Recommendation. When designating taxiways, the use of the letters I, O or X and the use of words such as inner and outer should be avoided wherever possible to avoid confusion with the numerals 1, 0 and closed marking.
5.4.3.37 The use of numbers alone on the manoeuvring area shall be reserved for the designation of runways.
Annex 15 Chapter 5: 5.3.17.14 Note 1. A stop bar is switched on to indicate that traffic stop and switched off to indicate that traffic proceed.
Doc 4444 7.13.7 Stop bars
Stop bars shall be switched on to indicate that all traffic shall stop and switched off to indicate that traffic may proceed.

 

Other References
ICAO. Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Air Traffic Management, Doc 4444, Ed. 14, 2001 ICAO. Air Traffic Services, Annex 11, Ed. 13, 2001 ICAO. Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Aircraft operations, Doc 8168, Ed. 4, 1993 FAA. Federal Aviation Regulations / Airman’s Information Manual, 2002 ICAO NACC Regional office, OPS guidelines for the prevention of runway incursion, Jan Jurek, 2002 University of Leiden, Human factors in runway incursion incidents, Patrick Hudson, Netherlands FAA, Runway safety: It’s everybody’s business, Kim Cardosi, Ph.D., 2001 FAA, Runway Safety Blueprint 2002-2004, 2001 FAA/IATA Runway Incursion Prevention Program

Appendix F. Air Traffic Controller Best Practices
The aim of this appendix is to highlight some of the causal or contributory factors that have resulted in runway safety occurrences, and which were identified during the runway safety survey.

Issue of en-route clearance
Whenever possible an en-route clearance should be passed to an aircraft before start of taxi. If this is not possible, controllers should try and avoid passing the clearance to a pilot engaged in complicated taxiing manoeuvres near the runway due to the possibility of distraction.
An ATC en-route clearance is NOT an instruction to take off or enter an active runway. The words "TAKE OFF" are used only when an aircraft is cleared for take-off, or when cancelling a take-off clearance. At other times the words "DEPARTURE" or "AIRBORNE" are used.

Read Back requirements
Read-back requirements have been introduced in the interests of flight safety. The stringency of the read-back requirement is directly related to the possible seriousness of misunderstandings in the transmission and receipt of ATC clearances and instructions. Strict adherence to read-back procedures ensures that the clearance or instruction has been received and understood correctly by the correct aircraft.
　
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