European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions(30)

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Eliminate as much distraction as possible

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Have airport diagram available for instant use

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Maintain situational awareness on final at night

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Listen for other aircraft clearances

Visual aids
Charts, signs, markings and lighting: These are all aids to assist in determining your position. A high level of awareness must be main-tained to observe and respond to mandatory signs and markings. A correct knowledge of all the symbols and signs is therefore a must. All the visual information that is available should correlate with the actual situation. Gathering visual information and the constant questioning and cross checking of your position is the task of the entire flight deck crew. A crew member who is in doubt or does not agree with the situation must speak-up.
A head down situation during taxi should be limited to the minimum possible.
When a pilot not taxiing the aircraft focuses on the instruments in the flight deck, he/she is not able to monitor the progress of the aircraft. Before undertaking head-down actions advise the other pilot, so that added emphasis can be placed by the navigating pilot on maintaining navigational accuracy and situational awareness.

Other aids
Use your heading display or compass to confirm the runway or taxiway alignment with the information available from the charts. If fitted, use the ILS centreline guidance system to confirm the correct runway alignment.
Have a good look out; scan the entire runway and approach in both directions before entering a runway. If in doubt, seek clarification: ASK

Conclusion
YOU CAN HELP TO PREVENT RUNWAY INCURSIONS! HOW?
1.  
It is essential to adhere strictly to all existing ICAO Standard Operating Procedures and phraseologies.

2.  
Flight crews need to ensure that they follow the clearance or instructions that are actually received, and not the one the flight crew is expecting to receive

3.  
Good planning of the ground operations can decrease the workload during taxi.

4.  
Good situational awareness is the top priority during taxi. All crewmembers should be involved here.

5.  
Application of the “Crew Resource Management” principles during taxi is as important as during the other phases of flight.

6.  
Even the most professional and experienced people make mistakes. By being defensive and letting the built-in safety nets do their work, a single mistake should not lead to a serious incident or accident.

References
The following ICAO standards are provided to assist flight crews in understanding the use and application of stop bars.:
Annex 2 Chapter 3: 3.2.2.7.3 An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all lighted stop bars and may proceed further when the lights are switched off. Annex 14 - Aerodromes Volume I
　
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