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theater. It used Ku-band SATCOM for both command and control and imagery dissemination to the
CONUS based MCE. WAN landline provided communications between the MCE and the analysts.
Analysts searched for ad hoc targets and passed them directly to the CAOC via Ku-band SATCOM. If
determined to be time-critical, targets were passed to in-flight fighters/bombers via Link-16 message.
Figure C-1 depicts the Global Hawk communications architecture for both deployed and in garrison
operational modes.
“Secure Chat” via Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET) was established between the
Global Hawk pilot/sensor operator, the Global Hawk liaison officer at the CAOC, and the Intelligence
Mission Operations Commander at the exploitation center. This provided situational awareness and
enabled command of the mission in response to ongoing operations and other emerging requirements.
Predator
The Predator system consists of the aircraft, a Ground Control Station (GCS), and a Launch and Recovery
Element (LRE). The GCS consists of flight control equipment, sensor control equipment, LOS data link,
VHF/UHF radio and Ku SATCOM data link. The LRE contains a subset of the GCS equipment, the
minimum required for launch and recovery. Predator pilots manipulate aircraft flight controls in real time
using the LOS data link to accomplish takeoffs and landings. Once airborne, the pilot couples the
autopilot to the navigation system, and the aircraft navigates to selected waypoints. The Predator LRE
has no BLOS communications, so it must maintain LOS until it transfers control to the GCS. The pilot in
the GCS controls the Predator remotely via Ku-band SATCOM and receives the sensor products via the
same link.
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX C - COMMUNICATIONS
Page C-3
FIGURE C-1. GLOBAL HAWK COMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE.
The Predator provided nearly continuous 24-hour coverage of key target locations in support of Joint
Forces Commander (JFC) objectives in both the OEF and OIF. Missions included ISR, Special
Operations Forces (SOF) Direct Support, Close Air Support (CAS), urban CAS, Kinetic Intercept (KI),
Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), and Strike Control and Reconnaissance (SCAR).
During OEF, the Predator system prosecuted the Global War on Terrorism from a fully operational
deployed GCS. Remote split operations (RSO) (geographically separated GCS control of the Predator)
enhanced Predator capability in the OEF area of responsibility (AOR) and enabled the launch of an
additional aircraft to support simultaneous or high priority operations. A key element of RSO was the
intensive use of secure internet “chat.” Chat was initially established between two geographically
separated GCSs to improve secure communication connectivity. Chat rooms were subsequently
established as a means of communications between the tasking authority, command and control units and
flight crew.
OIF also saw extensive use of Predator remote split operations where flights launched by the forward
deployed LRE were then handed over to Nellis AFB operators. The Predator LRE operated from two
forward operating locations, and demonstrated flexible flying operations that included an aircraft “divert”
and aircraft intra-theater deployment capability using the two LREs. The Predator system demonstrated
“surge” operations by simultaneously controlling four airborne Predators for seven days before weather
forced the first cancellation. Most importantly, the Predator successfully operated across the entire
spectrum of the find, fix, track, target, engage, and assess (F2T2EA) kill chain.
While operations were effective, communications support was not ideal. UHF communications between
Predator operations control at Nellis AFB and Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), Air
Support Operations Center (ASOC), and Direct Air Support Center (DASC) controllers were poor,
resulting in a reduced real time deconfliction capability and reliance on the CAOC-based Predator liaison
officers (LNO) to deconflict and to coordinate airspace and attack procedures. CAOC LNOs had to
provide direct phone numbers and chat rooms to the GCS due to limited access to secure
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX C - COMMUNICATIONS
Page C-4
communications. The LRE also had poor secure communications capability due to their austere locations.
Many missions had to be coordinated in the clear using brevity codes. Dissemination of Predator real
time video Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) clips, greater than 5 minutes in duration, was not
possible due to e-mail file limitations. The USAF developed a technical solution for this problem to
capture and archive video for the Combined Forces Air Component Commander (CFACC).
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