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developers have made inroads into addressing these future needs by exploring technologies necessary to
allow seamless command and control architectures capable of controlling multiple unmanned systems in
all operating environments as well as specific applications of UA and Unmanned Marine Vehicles (UMV)
working collaboratively and cooperatively with UGV. The JRP has focused upon implementing a joint
architecture (JAUS) that can potentially enable interoperability between all types of unmanned systems.
Research programs such as Collaborative Engagement Experiment (CEE), UA-UGV Cooperative
Development, and the Joint Unmanned Systems Common Control Advanced Concept Technology
Demonstration (ACTD), described below are pushing the technology limits of today’s systems and are
key examples of the emerging convergence and potential of UA and UGV common solutions.
Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems
Background: JAUS was initially conceived as JAUGS (Joint Architecture for Unmanned Ground
Systems) in the mid-1990s to specify common data and message format interfaces. This allowed for
interoperability among different robotic systems, controllers, and payloads.
The focus of JAUGS was basic interoperability of mobile ground robots, specifically those with military
application. An OSD chartered working group was formed to include military, industry and academic
robotic organizations. As the architecture and the working group grew, so did the scope of JAUGS and
ultimately the charter was changed to address all classes of unmanned systems — thus JAUS.
The OSD JRP and the Army’s FCS have directed use of JAUS in their unmanned programs.
Additionally, Naval Systems Warfare Center’s Joint Unmanned Systems Common Control (JUSC2)
ACTD is studying the use of JAUS with UMVs. JAUS is currently transitioning into an SAE Aerospace
Council commercial standard. For further information: http://www.jauswg.org/.
Collaborative Engagement Experiment (CEE)
Background: Recent combat performances of unmanned systems have energized our leaders, both
military and civilian, like few previous technologies. This, combined with the trend of increasing
autonomous single robots and the introduction of multiple robot control, gives rise to the need to
investigate collaborative robot teaming. Collaboration is defined as the ability for two or more robots to
plan, coordinate, and execute a task or mission. Collaborative robot teams have the potential to provide a
substantial combat multiplier for future warfighters while providing force conservation and increased
survivability.
Teaming of unmanned systems of systems requires appropriate operational procedures, technical
interfaces and protocols, and distributed planning technologies. Few of these have been developed for the
conduct of collaborative engagement. The challenge is to establish the operational and technical
knowledge of collaborative robot teams in order to support future capabilities.
CEE is a multi-phased joint program to develop and transition collaborative engagement capability
products to the user. The program will conduct appropriate experiments to support the development of
CONOPS; Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs); architecture development; and technical
assessments. These will identify and ultimately resolve technical risks, provide direction for assessing
on-going science and technology initiatives, and update architectures necessary to accomplish
collaborative engagement operations. Results will be incorporated for user support in the development of
Collaborative Engagement CONOPS and TTPs.
Cooperative Unmanned Ground Attack Robot (COUGAR)
Background: COUGAR is a multi-phase 6.2 program at U.S. Army Aviation and Missile, Research,
Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) to investigate technologies to support robot lethality.
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX J – UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES
Page J-9
In Phase I, an experimental unmanned vehicle-based robot with a RSTA package and a Javelin missile
were demonstrated. The culminating demonstration was completed in FY2002 with the successful launch
of 19 Light Anti-armor Weapon (LAW) rockets and one Javelin missile. Phase II of the demonstration
occurred in FY2003, successfully firing three Javelin missiles, three Hellfire missiles, and over 500 7.62
mm rounds from the M240 machine gun. Phase III involved firing a Mk-19 Grenade Launcher from a
HMMWV-based robot while it was teleoperated (shoot on the move). Coordinates of the target, provided
by a small unmanned aircraft were fed into the system, which then calculated the firing solution and
engaged the target. The Phase III experiment occurred in September 2004.
UA-UGV Cooperative Development
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