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SECTION 5 - OPERATIONS
Page 67
UAS ROADMAP 2005
USMC Pioneer
USMC Pioneer
USA Shadow/Hunter
USA Exdrone
USAF Exdrone
USA Hunter
USA Shadow
USA Hunter
USA Shadow
USAF Predator
USA Shadow
USN (various)
USN Pioneer
USAF Global Hawk
USA Hunter/Shadow
USA Shadow
USA Shadow
USN
Predator
FIGURE 5.3-1. LOCATIONS OF U.S.-BASED DOD UAS.
5.3.2 Operations Issues
UAS operations in the GWOT have revealed the following issues:
1. The low density/high demand nature of the limited UAS force and the operational demands placed
on it created a conflict in priorities between employing UAS in its two key roles, sensing and
shooting. In both Afghanistan and Iraq, Predators were tasked to find targets, designate them for
manned strike, and strike them themselves. Both the limited number of weapons carried and the
coordination time required to obtain permission to employ them subtracted from UA availability to
pursue mobile targets, a key concern of intelligence staffs.
2. Weather, in particular high winds, posed a major constraint on UA operations due to their lighter
weights and high-aspect ratio wings compared to those of manned aircraft. Winds up to 70 knots in
the SWA theater significantly reduced the availability of most UA, and the accompanying dust
storms impacted their ability to use EO sensors effectively; however, Global Hawk, carrying an
EO/IR/SAR combined sensor, was still able to perform effectively during dust storms.
3. Despite having the capability to operate multiple UA per system simultaneously, the limited number
of frequencies available often restricted the number to one UA airborne at a time.
4. Integration of unmanned aviation into the national airspace system is needed to enable file and fly
operations by UA to improve their responsiveness and fidelity of training.
5. The dynamic nature of the joint operational environment for which UAS are employed in
Afghanistan and Iraq indicate a need for centralized command and control to ensure functional
integration (intel, ops and communications) that prioritizes UA sensing operations support.
6. A comprehensive and integrated dissemination architecture is needed to optimize bandwidth usage
and maximize requirement satisfaction.
7. A net-centric approach to UAS integration / interoperability is needed to provide situational
awareness at all command echelons. Consistent with the DoD’s Net-Centric Data Strategy, there
should be additional capability for archiving and discovery of full motion video collected by UAS.
UA positional and sensor pointing information enable enhanced airspace and sensor management.
8. Frequency interference (loss of UA link) was more often from friendly than hostile sources.
9. Urban combat is hostile to high bandwidth wireless data communications and can result in loss of
connectivity even at short distances. This effect is compounded by short LOS distances, making
visual reconnaissance difficult. Urban combat terrain is also rapidly changing, and pre-conflict
SECTION 5 - OPERATIONS
Page 68
UAS ROADMAP 2005
battlespace awareness can become useless unless continually refreshed.
5.3.3
5.4.1 Weaponization
5.4.2
5.4.3
Operations Goals
1. Acquire more multi-mission (ISR and strike) capable UA, each capable of employing a greater
number and variety of weapons.
2. Provide more bandwidth and frequency agility for UAS operations.
3. Implement a file and fly process in applicable DoD and FAA regulations for allowing UA into the
NAS.
4. For small UAS, develop FAA approved procedures to support operations in the NAS.
5. Development will need to be made in a new class of autonomous platforms that can function at low
altitudes in congested and obstacle rich airspaces. Development of this class of small, low altitude,
autonomous platforms and the ability to coordinate their operation are seen as essential tools in
addressing the difficulties with urban combat.
5.4 WEAPON DELIVERY
Unmanned and manned aircraft share the same considerations when being certified to carry weapons (or
more generally, stores)--loads on the aircraft and the store, aircraft flutter, aircraft stability and control,
safe store separation, and any impact on store ballistics or its fuzing. Stores certification on unmanned
aircraft involves two additional considerations, EMI/EMC with the UA's greater transmissions and
providing an independent path to arm and safe weapons absent a pilot in the cockpit with a master arm
switch. The EMI/EMC issues are addressed by extensions of existing SEEK EAGLE testing to cover the
UA's more numerous frequencies. Providing a substitute means to safe weapons, i.e., an alternative
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