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unmanned development and operations (MUDO) team has a few Exdrones, 3 Aerolights, 2 Aeroskys, and
1 Aerostar. MUDO managed the evolution of the Exdrone into the Dragon Drone for use by the Marine
Corps Warfighting Lab (MCWL). It has also supported the Maritime Battle Center during recent Fleet
Battle Experiments by providing small UAS and operations expertise.
The Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory was created at Quantico, VA, in 1995. Responsible for
developing new operational concepts, tactics, techniques, procedures, and technologies to prepare
Marines for future combat. It has participated in UAS development for integration into battalion-leveland-
below forces. In addition to integrating Dragon Drone UA into its recent series of limited objective
experiments (LOEs) supporting capable Warrior, MCWL has funded development of Dragon Warrior and
Dragon Eye prototypes, each tailored to specific requirements supporting the Operational Maneuver From
The Sea (OMFTS) concept.
The Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) at NAS Fallon, NV, began supporting concept of
operations development for integrating RQ-1 Predators into Fleet training exercises in 1998. To date,
these efforts have focused on the time critical targeting and battlespace dominance missions. NSAWC
participated in the naval utility evaluation of the RQ-4 Global Hawk during its ACTD by serving as a
node to receive imagery during Global Hawk’s flight to Alaska in 1999. In 2001, NSAWC completed a
naval tactics, techniques, and procedures document entitled “UAV Integration into Carrier Air Wing
Operations” (NTTP 3-01.1-02) which can be accessed at www.nsawc.smil.mil.
The Naval Warfare Development Command’s Maritime Battle Center (MBC), established at Newport, RI,
in 1996, conducts a fleet battle experiment (FBEs) each year to explore new technologies and operational
concepts in both live and virtual scenarios. UAS have participated in FBE-Echo (Predator in 1999), FBEHotel
(Aerolight, Pioneer, and Dakota II in 2000), FBE-India (Aerolight in 2001), and FBE-Juliet (Sentry
and Pioneer in 2002).
Air Force
AFRL is actively pursuing UAS-applicable technologies for both specific UAS programs and for
unmanned flight in general. Its Air Vehicles group is exploring autonomous see and avoid and flight
control systems. Its Sensors Directorate is developing a more capable, smaller radar and electro-optical
capabilities. AFRL has contracted a concept development study for the Sensorcraft concept, an UA
optimized for the sensor suite it would carry.
The Air Force relocated its UAV Battlelab to Indian Springs AFAF, NV, in 2004. Established in 1997 to
SECTION 5 - OPERATIONS
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UAS ROADMAP 2005
explore and demonstrate the worth of innovative UAS operational concepts (as distinct from new systems
or tactics) in key emerging areas, its goal is to create opportunities, with minimal investment, for the Air
Force to impact current UAS organizations, doctrine, training, and future requirements and acquisitions.
The Battlelab conducts four to six “experiments” annually, employing a variety of UA and UA
surrogates. Notable firsts among its efforts have been applying the traffic collision/avoidance system
(TCAS) to better integrate manned and unmanned flight operations; evaluating UA to supplement base
security forces (in conjunction with the Air Force Force Protection Battlelab); using UA as the “eyes” for
an E-8/joint surveillance, targeting, and attack radar system (JSTARS) in coordinated SCUD missile
hunts; and proving the military utility of real time UA reconnaissance support to special tactics teams.
Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) at Hurlburt Field, FL acquired 15 Exdrones from
NAWC/AD in 2000. Operated by the 720th Special Tactics Group, they are used to explore UAS
concepts of operation and special payloads for special operations forces. AFSOC also sponsored, in
conjunction with the UAV Battlelab, a demonstration of controlling an UA from an airborne MC-130 and
is currently working the Sky Tote concept for resupplying Special Forces in the field.
5.2.4 Joint/Other
USJFCOM has statutory responsibility - through the 2002 National Defense Authorization Act (Public
Law 107-107, Section 261) - to establish and operate a flight activity capability known as the Joint
Operational Test Bed System (JOTBS). The mandate for this capability is to "evaluate and ensure the
joint interoperability of unmanned aerial vehicle systems." Per the mandate, JOTBS experiments are not
constrained by Service policy or doctrine. The JOTBS capability is based at Fort Huachuca, AZ and is
managed out of USJFCOM headquarters in Norfolk, VA. JOTBS capability consists of a Joint Mission
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