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operations with air traffic control, aircraft certification standards, aircrew training requirements, etc.
While many of these standards will parallel those used by manned aircraft, they must all be tailored to the
specific environment of the unmanned platform. The details of these standards can be found in the DoD
Airspace Integration Instruction, appendix F of this Roadmap.
UA OPERATIONS STANDARDS
UA Operation Standards deal with the control of UA operations, including mission planning and sensor
control. This regime includes appropriate standardization efforts for mission planning and air
vehicle/sensor control.
Multiple levels of interoperability are feasible among different UA systems. Improved operational
flexibility can be achieved if the UA systems support appropriate levels of UA system interoperability
defined in the STANAG 4586.
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX E – INTEROPERABILITY STANDARDS
Page E-15
Level 1: Indirect receipt/transmission of UA related payload data. . (provided by other standards
in the NIIA - STANAG 4586 not required)
Level 2: Direct receipt of ISR/other data where “direct” covers reception of the UA payload
data by the UCS when it has direct communication with the UA (provided by other
standards in the NIIA - STANAG 4586 not required)
Level 3: Control and monitoring of the UA payload in addition to direct receipt of ISR/other
data . (handover of sensor control as defined in STANAG 4586).
Level 4: Control and monitoring of the UA, less launch and recovery (handover of air vehicle
control as defined in STANAG 4586).
Level 5: Control and monitoring of the UA (Level 4), plus launch and recovery functions
The interoperability levels defined above can be achieved through the standardization of interfaces
between the UA airborne elements and the UCS, between the air vehicle elements and external C4I
elements, and between the UCS and external C4I Systems. In order to achieve interoperability, the UCS
Architecture and interfaces must support the appropriate communication protocols and message formats
for legacy as well as new UA systems. Level 2 and above (2+) of interoperability requires the use of a
ground data terminal (GDT) that is interoperable with the air data terminal (ADT), as defined in
CDL/STANAG 7085 (e.g., connectivity between the GDT and ADT is prerequisite for level 2+
interoperability). At all levels, the data formats and data transfer protocols must also comply with the
NIIA standards. For level 1 or level 2, the NIIA standards for data format and data transfer provide the
required interface requirements. For levels 3 and above, STANAG 4586 provides the sensor and airborne
platform control functionality for the higher levels.
There are already a number of existing or emerging STANAGs that are applicable to UA systems. They
provide standards for interoperable data link (STANAG 7085), digital sensor data between the payload
and the AV element of the data link (STANAG 7023, 4545), and for on board recording device(s)
(STANAG 7024, 4575). Additionally, the STANAG 4586, unmanned control system (UCS), describes
interfaces applicable to ground control stations and air vehicles, to include air vehicle control. Although
somewhat limited as to broad mission area application, this STANAG contains an interface description,
the DLI, which provides an excellent starting point for the development of a robust air vehicle interface,
to include vehicle control functions. Thus, the approach to achieving the desired level of UA
interoperability is based on compliance with existing standards or establishing new standards for a
number of UA functions.
An open network architecture using industry standards including internet protocol, Ethernet and
generic framing procedure.
A data link system(s) that provides connectivity and interoperability between the UCS and the AV(s).
The data link system(s) must accommodate legacy as well as future systems. STANAG 7085,
Interoperable Data Links for Imaging Systems, specifies a data link system that would provide the
required connectivity and interoperability. The data link must just provide for transmission of data
over the RF link, not be the interface for the sensor and flight management functions or do routing
functions.
Format for payload/sensor data for transmission to the UCS via the data link and/or for recording on
the on-board recording device. STANAG 7023, NATO Primary Image Format Standard, with
addition for non-imagery sensors, (e.g., electronic support measures (ESM)), and STANAG 4545,
NATO Secondary Imagery Format, are the required data formats for imagery. If GMTI data is to be
used, STANAG 4607 defines the required format, and STANAG 4609 defines the format for digital
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