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Modular and Programmable Router Architecture
Well-known and Standardized Protocols and Interfaces
Mobile Ad-hoc quasi-stable mesh - requirement to manage topology
Interdependent relationships between the following:
• Switching/Routing
• Topology Management
• QoS – packet level
• Hierarchical management
Multiple link interfaces and types per platform
Gateway functionality on platforms (legacy, disparate networks)
Embedded INFOSEC/network security
Performance Enhancing Proxies
While these large stable UAS platforms are ideal for providing theater backbone services, smaller UAS
may provide similar networking capability and services on a smaller scale. Additionally, the same
networking functions that enable UAS platforms to provide network-centric services to the warfighter
also allow the UAS to take advantage of networking to augment their capabilities.
In the future for UAS and networks, the role of autonomy; the definition of team coordination,
cooperation, and collaboration concepts; the role of cognitive decision aids; and the importance of air
space layer and control are all concepts that need to be developed.
Recommended Investment Strategy: Rely on commercial markets (wireless communications, airliner
links, finance) to drive link modulation methods technology. Focus DoD research on increasing the
power of higher frequency (Ka) SCA waveform components and decrease size, weight, for UAS
applications.
4.3 PLATFORM TECHNOLOGIES
4.3.1 Airframe
Bioengineers and aerospace engineers may soon be working on common aircraft projects. The need for
lighter, stronger aerostructures has led from wood and canvas to aluminum to titanium to composites.
The next step may well be transgenetic biopolymers. One biopolymer nearing commercialization has
twice the tensile strength of steel yet is 25 percent lighter than carbon composites, and it is flexible. In a
future aircraft skin made of such a biopolymer, the servo actuators, hydraulics, electric motors, and
control rods of today's aircraft control surfaces could be replaced by the ability to warp wings and
stabilizers by flexing their skin, much as the Wright brothers first conceived. Signature control would
also be enhanced by both the nature of the material and its ability to responsively shape itself to minimize
reflection.
Composites have enabled lighter airframes, but the repair of damaged composites is far weaker than the
original due to the loss of the material's originally plyed construction, called aeroelastic tailoring.
Researchers have recently devised a way to manufacture composite material with embedded
microcapsules of "glue," so that any damage will open these capsules and seal the crack before it can
propagate. This is known as an autonomic, or self-repairing, material. Further ahead but currently being
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researched are materials (isomers) that are self-healing, in which the damaged structure regenerates itself
to original condition. Such materials would be of most value in long endurance and strike UA.
Recommended Investment Strategy: Explore productionizing autonomic composites in the near term
and the feasibility of using transgenetic biopolymers for airframe skins in the far term.
4.3.2 Control
4.3.3 Propulsion
The antennas necessary for UA to communicate with their handlers have evolved from dishes or blades to
being conformal, and are even today being made of film or sprayed on. Imagine an entire aircraft
fuselage and/or wing that functions as an antenna, providing higher gain while eliminating the weight and
power draw of present antenna drives. In-flight entertainment systems for airliners are pushing this
technology.
Future UA will evolve from being robots operated at a distance to independent robots, able to selfactualize
to perform a given task. This autonomy, has many levels emerging by which it is defined, but
ultimate autonomy will require capabilities analogous to those of the human brain by future UA mission
management computers. To achieve that level, machine processing will have to match that of the human
brain in speed, memory, and quality of algorithms, or thinking patterns. Moore's Law predicts the speed
of microprocessors will reach parity with the human brain around 2015. Others estimate the memory
capacity of a PC will equal that of the human memory closer to 2030. As to when or how many lines of
software code equate to "thinking" is still an open question, but it is noteworthy that pattern recognition
by software today is generally inferior to that of a human.
Standards based interoperability is another critical area of evolution within the control environment. DoD
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