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There are six defined classes of airspace in the U.S. that are controlled in various degrees by the ATC
infrastructure. Because these classes are referenced throughout this document, a brief discussion is
useful.
Class A airspace exists from Flight Level (FL) 180 (18,000 feet Mean Sea Level (MSL)) to FL600
(60,000 feet MSL). Flights within Class A airspace must be under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and
under the control of ATC at all times.
Class B airspace surrounds several major airports (generally up to 10,000 feet MSL) to reduce mid-air
collision potential by requiring ATC control of IFR and VFR (Visual Flight Rules) flights in that
airspace.
Class C airspace surrounds busy airports (generally up to 4,000 feet AGL) that do not need Class B
airspace protection, and requires flights to establish and maintain two-way communications with ATC
while in that airspace. ATC provides radar separation service to flights in Class C airspace.
Class D airspace surrounds airports (generally up to 2,500 feet AGL) that have an operating control
tower. Flights in Class D airspace must establish and maintain communications with ATC, but VFR
flights do not receive separation service.
Class E airspace is all other airspace in which IFR and VFR flights are allowed. Although Class E
airspace can extend to the surface, it generally begins at 1200 feet AGL, or 14,500 MSL, and extends
upward until it meets a higher class of airspace (A-D). It is also above FL600.
Class G airspace (there is no Class F airspace in the U.S.) is also called uncontrolled airspace because
ATC does not control aircraft there. Class G airspace can extend to 14,499 feet MSL, but generally
exists below 1200 feet AGL, and below Class E airspace.
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX F – AIRSPACE
Page F-4
Accordingly, Classes B, C, and D relate to airspace surrounding airports where increased mid-air collision
potential exists; Classes A, E, and G primarily relate to altitude, and the nature of flight operations that
commonly occur at those altitudes. ATC provides separation services to all flights in Classes A, B, and
C. They provide it to some flights in Class E, and do not provide service in Class G. Regardless of the
class of airspace, or whether ATC provides separation services, pilots are required to “S&A other
aircraft” whenever weather permits. Figure F-3 depicts this airspace with representative UA.
60,000 ff fft
Global Hawk
Class A
18,000 fft
1,200 ft AGL
Class E
Predator
Pioneer
Shadow
Pointer
Dragon Eye
Micro AVs
Class B
Class C
Class D
10,000 ft
4,000 ft
2,500 ft
Transponder
See & Avoid
DME
IFR Qualification
Transponder *
See & Avoid
VFR Qualification
Hunter
* Required above 10,000 ft
Class E
Horizon
Class E
Class A
Class E
ft MSL
18,000 ft MSL
Predator B
Fire Scout
Class G
Class G
FIGURE F-3. UA AND AIRSPACE CLASSES OF THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM1.
It is clear that some taxonomy for UA is needed to define their operating privileges, airworthiness
standards, operator training and certification requirements, and their place in the right-of-way rules.
Although public (e.g., U.S. military) aircraft are to some degree exempt from a number of FAA
regulations such as airworthiness and pilot certification, certain responsibilities still exist.
Meeting equivalent airworthiness and operator qualification standards to operate in the NAS
Conforming to FAA traffic regulations (S&A, lighting, yielding right-of-way) when operating outside
of restricted airspace
Complying with international (ICAO and foreign) regulations when transiting their airspace,
regulations which often take those of the FAA as precedents
Military UA with a need to routinely operate outside of restricted airspace or in international airspace
must therefore make themselves transparent to air traffic management authorities. In large part, this
means conforming by exemption to 14 CFR Part 91 for the larger UA, such as the Air Force's Global
1 The FAA is moving toward a two-class structure for the NAS, “terminal” and “enroute.” Terminal will
subsume Class B, C, and D airspace, and Enroute will include Class A, E, and G airspace.
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX F – AIRSPACE
Page F-5
Hawk and Predator, as do manned military aircraft. This plan calls for these UA (Cat III) to be treated
similarly as manned aircraft.
The FAA recently approved a light-sport category in the regulations, and does not require either
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