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FPASS, Raven
Hunter
Shadow
Pioneer
Fire Scout
J-UCAS Predator Global Hawk
France Tracker Crecerelle
MCMM
CL-289
Neuron
Eagle 1
MALE
Germany Luna Brevel Seamos CL-289 Eurohawk
United
Kingdom
Phoenix
Hermes 180
J-UCAS Hermes 450
Italy Mirach 26
Falco
Mirach 150
Neuron
Predator
Israel Scout/Searcher Hermes 450
Heron
Russia Shmel/Yak-61 VR-3 Reys
VR-2 Strizh
Systems not yet fielded are italicized.
2.7.2 Export Policy
The sale of U.S.-manufactured UAS to foreign militaries offers the triple advantages of 1) supporting the
U.S. industrial base for UAS, 2) potentially lowering the unit costs of UAS to the Services, and 3)
ensuring interoperability by equipping allied forces with mutually compatible systems. Balanced against
these advantages, however, are two areas of concern. The first concern is the potential for transfer of
critical technology. This is mitigated by export license reviews and establishment of UAS
disclosure/reliability policy guidance. The second concern is that an UA capable of carrying a given
weight of reconnaissance sensors and data links on a round trip could be modified to carry an equal
weight of advanced weapons twice that distance on a one-way mission. As the range, accuracy, and
payload capacity of UA have overtaken those of cruise missiles and some ballistic missiles, controlling
their proliferation has become a concern. UA fall under the terms of the Missile Technology Control
Regime (MTCR), an informal and voluntary political agreement among 33 countries to control the
proliferation of unmanned rocket and aerodynamic systems capable of delivering weapons of mass
destruction (see Table 2.7-2). MTCR makes no distinction in terms of payload (weaponized vs. nonweaponized).
Predator, Predator B, and Global Hawk fall under Category I definitions (vehicles capable
of carrying 500 kg of payload to a range of 300 km) of the MTCR and therefore are subject to a strong
presumption of denial for export under the existing agreement. The U.S. Defense and State Departments
drafted an updated interim policy to the MTCR in late 2001 to allow UA (including J-UCAS) exports to
selected countries on a case-by-case basis. The policy was used effectively to facilitate the sale of a nonweaponized
Predator system to Italy in 2001.
SECTION 2 - CURRENT UA PROGRAMS
Page 39
UAS ROADMAP 2005
MTCR Member
Non-MTCR Member
FIGURE 2.7-1. UAS MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES.
TABLE 2.7-2. MTCR MEMBER INTEREST IN UAS.
MTCR Member* UA Exporter UA Operator UA Manufacturer UA Developer
Argentina no yes yes yes
Australia yes yes yes yes
Austria yes no yes yes
Belgium no yes yes yes
Brazil no no no no
Canada yes no yes yes
Czech Republic no yes yes yes
Denmark no yes no no
Finland no yes no no
France yes yes yes yes
Germany yes yes yes yes
Greece no no no yes
Hungary no no no yes
Iceland no no no no
Ireland no no no no
Italy yes yes yes yes
Japan yes yes yes yes
Luxembourg no no no no
The Netherlands no yes no no
New Zealand no no no no
Norway no no no yes
Poland no no no no
Portugal no no no yes
Russia yes yes yes yes
South Africa yes yes yes yes
South Korea no yes yes yes
Spain no no yes yes
Sweden no yes yes yes
Switzerland yes yes yes yes
Turkey yes yes yes yes
Ukraine yes yes yes yes
United Kingdom yes yes yes yes
United States yes yes yes yes
*Although not a member of the MTCR, Israel has pledged to abide by its guidelines.
SECTION 2 - CURRENT UA PROGRAMS
Page 40
UAS ROADMAP 2005
3.0 REQUIREMENTS
Requirements, along with the available systems (Section 2) and the emerging technologies to enable them
(Section 4), are the three foundation stones of this Roadmap. The purpose of this Section is to identify
current and emerging requirements for military capabilities that could likely be addressed by UA, without
presupposing that a needs statement will be written against them. Three sources of these requirements are
examined here: 40 years of historical UA use by the Services, the annual Combatant Commanders’
(COCOMs) Integrated Priority Lists (IPLs), and the most recent (August 2004) poll by the Joint Chief of
Staff (JCS) of the theaters and the Services of their UA needs.
3.1 HISTORICALLY VALIDATED UAS ROLES
How the Services have employed UAS over the past 40 years is not a sure indicator of how UA will be
used in the next 25 years, but most of the current UAS programs show a strong correlation with a line of
past UAS programs built to fulfill similar requirements. The Services have repeatedly sought to fill five
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