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satellites to an individual soldier’s gun sights. This information must flow seamlessly, with minimal
human intervention, to unanticipated users as well as well defined, known users, to support both foreseen
and unforeseen information requirements.
The two overarching requirements for next generation UA communications are 1) connect to the GIG,
and 2) comply with spectrum utilization policy. To connect to the GIG, UA programs must take full
advantage of DoD programs and initiatives to achieve net-centricity: net enabled CDL, JTRS,
Transformational Satellites (TSAT), High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryption (HAIPE), and the
Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) metadata registry. UA communications must provide
secure, reliable access to all UA capabilities across the entire DoD enterprise. Initially, efforts must focus
on common interfaces for sensor control and dissemination via the GIG. As new payloads and weapons
are introduced, such as communications relay packages, electronic warfare suites, and guided weapons,
web enabled interfaces must be developed to allow control and employment from any authorized node.
The vision is a ubiquitous network where every entity exists as a node and can share and use any data
produced by any other node, anytime.
For complete information regarding the GIG, refer to the GIG Architecture and the GIG Enterprise
Services website at https://ges.dod.mil/.
EXPERIENCE
A review of operations in support of recent conflicts serves to illustrate current communications
capabilities for two UAS, Global Hawk and Predator. They employed a mix of dedicated point-to-point
communications and networked communications. Many of the networked communications were IP
based, approaching net-centric capabilities. Examples of network capabilities include posting images to
an Image Product Library (IPL), which implements the Task, Post, Process, Use (TPPU) model, and the
widespread use of secure internet chat.
A cursory review of current methods for radio development and deployment highlights the need for a
more flexible, joint approach to procuring interoperable radio systems.
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX C - COMMUNICATIONS
Page C-2
Global Hawk
The RQ-4 Global Hawk system consists of the aircraft, Launch and Recovery Element (LRE) and
Mission Control Element (MCE). The LRE controls the aircraft via line-of-sight (LOS) CDL, LOS ultra
high frequency (UHF), and beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) UHF radios. The LRE has no provision for
sensor control or product receipt. The MCE contains all of the aircraft control functions of the LRE. In
addition, the MCE provides for sensor control as well as receipt and dissemination of the product. The
MCE maintains situational awareness. MCE aircraft command and control is accomplished using narrow
band LOS UHF radio and UHF satellite communications (SATCOM), with Inmarsat as a back up
command and control link. The LOS CDL as well as Ku-band SATCOM provide command and control
channels as well. Sensor data flows from the aircraft to the MCE via either LOS CDL or Ku-band
SATCOM.
Global Hawk provided extensive mission support during OEF in Afghanistan. The LRE launched the
Global Hawk from a forward operating location. Shortly after launch, the LRE transferred mission
control to the forward-deployed MCE. During combat operations, Global Hawk initially flew a
preplanned mission, but quickly transitioned to an ad-hoc operation. For a more complete understanding
of preplanned, replanned, ad hoc and autonomous missions, refer to the section entitled UA Actions.
Global Hawk transmitted images to the MCE via commercial Ku-band SATCOM at 20 Mbit/s. The MCE
then routed the imagery to the collocated forward exploitation element or to a wide area network (WAN)
inject point to access a fiber optic landline to the Continental United States (CONUS) based reach-back
facility. The CONUS based exploitation center processed the imagery and forwarded products via Kuband
SATCOM at 6-8 Mbit/s to an high-capacity image product library or directly to the CAOC for use
in current operations. The Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS) supported the exploitation
effort.
Operators used the experience gained from Global Hawk activities in OEF to streamline operations during
OIF. Again, the LRE launched the aircraft from a forward operating location; however, all operations
were performed using reach-back to the MCE located in the CONUS, not forward deployed.
Communication between the MCE at Beale AFB, the CAOC, and the aircraft used a combination of
WAN landline and commercial Ku-band SATCOM (with transmission rates from 20-40 Mbit/s).
Inmarsat was the redundant C2 link. Global Hawk again flew both preplanned and ad hoc missions in
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