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warheads, hardening guidance systems, i.e., resistance to GPS jamming, appears to be the greatest
technology requirement. A potentially significant advantage to smaller more precise weapons and
penetrating launch platforms such as J-UCAS is the reduction in collateral damage. In some cases these
platform and weapons combinations could reduce an adversary’s ability to seek sanctuary within noncombatant
areas. The Air Force Air Armament Center’s SDB is half the weight of the smallest bomb the
Air Force uses today, the 500 pound Mark 82. Its 250 pound class warhead has demonstrated penetration
of one meter of reinforced concrete covered by one meter of soil. The Air Force hopes to deploy it by
2007 on the F-15E, followed by deployment on several other aircraft, including the J-UCAS and MQ-9.
Payload Cost Control
Table 4.3-2 provides the payload capacities used in Figure 4.3-4, which shows current DoD UA cost
approximately $8,000 per pound of payload capacity (sensors), a comparable number to the payload
capacity of the JSF, which is $7,300 per pound (weapons). This same capability metric applied to JUCAS
is $5,500 per pound of payload (weapons). As UA become smaller, or stealthier, the standoff
range of sensor systems may be reduced. Reduced sensor standoff capability coupled with more use of
COTS systems can have a significant impact on some sensor packages for some classes of UA.
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5.0 OPERATIONS
5.1 TRAINING
All DoD UAS operating today employ contractors to conduct the majority of their UAS training
requirements. With the exception of the Army's Hunter and Shadow training programs, each UAS has a
dedicated training program, underscoring the lack of interoperability among these systems in the field.
The students in these courses range from experienced rated officers as pilots to recent enlistees as
airframe maintainers.
5.1.1 Current Status of Training
System/Course Service Location Duration Throughput Flt
Hours
Staff
Global Hawk Air Force Beale AFB, CA 10
Pilot 26 weeks 48/yr 32
Sensor Operator 12 weeks 18/yr 48
Maintenance 5 weeks 77/yr*
Hunter Army Ft Huachuca, AZ 300**
Internal Pilot 24 weeks 40/yr 21.5
External Pilot 16 weeks 4/yr 30
Maintenance 10 weeks 20/yr
Technician 11 weeks 20/yr
Pioneer Navy OLF Choctaw, FL 37*****
Mission Commander 3 weeks 17/yr 10
External Pilot 17 weeks 24/yr 102***
Internal Pilot/Payload
Operator
14 weeks 40/yr 56
Mechanical Maintenance 7 weeks 18/yr
Technical Maintenance 9 Weeks 24/yr
Predator Air Force Indian Springs AFAF, NV 22
Pilot 13 weeks 48/yr 38
Sensor Operator 14 weeks 48/yr 37.5
Maintenance 4 weeks 95/yr****
Shadow Army Ft Huachuca, AZ 300**
Operator 24 weeks 240/yr 14.5
Maintenance 8 weeks 40/yr
Technician 9 weeks 40/yr
*Number of graduates is total from the seven Global Hawk Maintenance courses. Duration is average length of the
seven courses.
**Total staff supporting Hunter and Shadow instruction at the U.S. Army UAS Training Center.
***Consists of some 80 hours flying subscale RC models plus 22 hours flying the Pioneer.
**** Number of graduates is total from the five Predator Maintenance courses. Duration is average length of the
five courses.
*****Total staff supporting Pioneer training at OLF Choctaw.
5.1.2 Training Issues
1. Although a spiral acquisition approach is favored for most UAS programs, it imposes an
unrecognized burden for UAS trainers: always being one or more steps out of phase with the
capabilities being incrementally fielded. This requires additional training (i.e., cost) at the unit level
after the student completes initial training.
2. Current ground stations are not designed to be dual capable for use in both controlling actual
SECTION 5 - OPERATIONS
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UAS ROADMAP 2005
missions and conducting simulated flights for training. This drives added product support costs for
dedicated simulators and task trainers by requiring more numerous and higher fidelity simulators and
trainers.
3. The current and projected OPTEMPO associated with the Global War On Terrorism (GWOT) does
not allow systems to be taken off-line for extended periods of time in order to implement hardware
and software improvements and to train operators on the new capabilities.
4. Most UAS maintenance training lacks dedicated maintenance trainers as well as digital technical
orders and manuals with embedded refresher training. This results in factory representatives having
to be fielded at most UA operating sites and to deploy to war zones to compensate for inadequate
training.
5.1.3
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