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urgent need of immediate assistance.
If and when the threat of danger has
been overcome, the Distress call
must be cancelled by notification on
ALL frequencies on which the
original message was sent.
The Urgency call (or "PAN")
indicates that the aircraft has a very
urgent message to transmit
concerning the safety of a ship,
Operational Procedures 145
aircraft or other vehicle, or of some
person on board or in sight.
Flights Over Water
Except with permission from the
CAA, no flight may exceed 3
minutes continuously over water, for
which float gear must be fitted and
serviceable (in a helicopter), and life
jackets worn. For over 3 minutes,
aircraft must be equipped as per
Schedule 4.
Helicopters
Any flight beyond autorotative
distance from land (20 seconds) is an
overwater flight. For any such flight,
or when flying along the Thames in
the London Control Zone, between
Hammersmith Bridge and Chelsea
Reach, approved lifejackets for each
person on board should be carried,
as well as flotation gear.
For flights more than 3 minutes over
water, the following conditions
should apply:
· A dinghy and SARBE (Search
And Rescue Beacon) must be
carried.
· No night flying (single-engined
only).
· Two way radio communication
must be maintained with
position reporting every ten
minutes.
· Flight plan to be filed.
· SAR to be notified.
· Immersion suits to be worn
when practical.
· A serviceable radio altimeter
with voice must be fitted.
· Passengers must be given a full
briefing on all emergency
equipment.
Aeroplanes
In an aeroplane, when over water for
more than 90 minutes' flying time at
the recommended over water speed,
an approved lifejacket for each
person on board must be carried as
well as enough liferafts for everyone.
If over 30 minutes, a demonstration
must be given.
Also, when beyond gliding distance
from shore, the lifejackets need to be
carried whenever it is reasonably
possible that a landing may have to
be made on water during take-off or
landing, to cover for coastal airfields.
If you're in a single-engined aircraft,
and going beyond gliding distance
from shore, make the passengers
wear their lifejackets from the start,
and ensure they know how to use
them. In a twin, it's enough just to
point out their location and the
instructions on the briefing card.
However, if one of the engines
stops, you become single-engined, so
get your passengers to don them
immediately.
Except due to the nature of the task,
overwater routings should not be
planned if alternative overland
routes are available. No unplanned
overwater flight may be conducted
except in emergency. In any case,
overwater time should be minimised.
Life Raft
On any flight planned to coast out
from the mainland or cross a tract of
water more than 3 minutes flying
time wide, a life raft must be carried,
which must carry all occupants and
be properly restrained so it's ready
146 Operational Flying
for use. Life rafts must be equipped
with carbon dioxide inflation bottles
and a secondary means of inflation,
as well as having adequate protection
for the occupants, bailing apparatus,
leak stoppers, a maritime survival
pack and a water activated light.
Flares
On any flight carrying a life raft, the
commander must have either a
day/night distress flare or a miniflare
gun and cartridges, which may be
carried as part of the life raft
equipment.
Personal Locator Beacon
On all flights carrying a liferaft the
commander must have an
Emergency Locator Beacon
designed to transmit on 121.5 MHz
and 243.00 MHz.
Immersion Suits
To be worn by all on board on all
overwater flights with a water
temperature is at or below 10oC.
Sea State
Overwater flights must not take
place where forecast wave height
exceeds 6 feet.
Weather Minima
600 feet cloud base and horizontal
visibility of 6000 metres. Minimum
wind 5 kts.
power pedal in a fast turn the other
way will create a torque spike.
Ditching
Ditching is a deliberate act, rather
than an uncontrolled impact,
although the terms are often used
synonymously. A successful one
depends on sea conditions, wind,
type of aircraft and your skill, but it's
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