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Standard Mass Values
Aeroplane
Passengers, 20 seats or more
Passenger Seats 20 + 30 and more
Male Female All Adult
Non-charters 88 kg 70 kg 84 kg
Holiday charters 83 kg 69 kg 76 kg
Children (2-12 ) 35 kg 35 kg 35 kg
Holiday charter is part of holiday package.
Passengers, 19 seats or less
Passenger Seats 1–5 6–9 10–19
Male 104 kg 96 kg 92 kg
Female 86 kg 78 kg 74 kg
Children 2-12 years 35 kg 35 kg 35 kg
With no hand baggage, or if separate, deduct 6 kg from male and
female (except overcoats, umbrellas, handbags, etc).
Checked baggage 20+ seats
Type of Flight Baggage standard Mass
Domestic 11 kg
Within Europe 13 kg
Intercontinental 15 kg
All Other 13 kg
With 19 passenger seats or less, use actual mass. Domestic flight
means one with origin and destination(s) within the borders of one
state, within Europe means flights, other than Domestic ones,
whose origin and destination are within the EEC, and
Intercontinental flight, other than within Europe, means with origin
and destination in different continents.
Mass Values for Crew
Crew Position Std Mass inc Hand Bge
Flight Crew 85 kg
Cabin Crew 75 kg
Helicopters
Use actual values, but see below (you
might have an Arrangement). Engine
oil will be in the APS or DOM, so
ignore it for balance purposes. When
possible, specific gravity should be
80 Operational Flying
used for the fuel load, but standard
values are 7.2 lbs/Imp Gal (0.72
kg/litre) for Avgas and 7.9 lbs/Imp
Gal (0.79 kg/litre) for JP4. For
notional weights, tables 1, 2 and 3
include infants below 2 carried by an
adult on one passenger seat. Infants
in separate seats are children.
Table 1
Passenger Seats 20 +* 30 +*
Male Female All Adults
All flights 82 kg 64 kg 78 kg
Children (2-12 ) 35 kg 35 kg 35 kg
Hand Bge 6 kg
Survival Suit 3 kg
Table 2
Passenger Seats 10 to 19
Male Female Child (2-12)
All flights 86 kg 68 kg 35 kg
Table 3
Pax
Seats
1 to 5 6 to 9
M F Child Male Fem Child
All flts kg 98 80 35 90 72 35
Table 4
Passenger Seats 20 or more*
Checked Baggage
All flights 13 kg
With 20 or more seats, the values apply to each
piece of checked baggage. With 19 or less, use
actual mass.
Table 5
Mass Values for Crew
Crew Position Standard Mass Inc Hand Bge
Flight Crew 85 kg
Cabin Crew 75 kg
Canada
Summer Winter
182 lbs Males (>12) 188 lbs
135 lbs Females (>12) 141 lbs
75 lbs Children (2-11) 75 lbs
30 lbs Infants (0-<2) 30 lbs
Distribution
Right, now we come to weight
distribution. Incorrect loading
naturally affects aircraft
performance, and will possibly
prevent the thing from even getting
airborne. A Centre of Gravity too far
forward will make it more difficult to
raise the nose on take-off (or
landing), possibly overstress the
nosewheel as a result, and make the
flight less economical by excessive
use of trim tabs, which causes more
drag. There are certain advantages to
having the C of G towards the rear
(by making the tailplane contribute
to total lift, or at least not detract
from it, which also reduces the
power required and hence fuel used),
but too much will make the aircraft
less stable, more fatiguing to fly and
cause similar drag and nosewheel
problems (but in reverse) as
excessive forward C of G. Also, if
you don’t have the elevator
movement to get yourself out of a
stall, you could end up in a flat spin
you can’t get out of.
In a helicopter, if the C of G is too
far aft or forward of its ideal
position, there is a danger of running
out of cyclic control in the opposite
direction – one too far forward, for
example, will mean you will not be
able to pull the cyclic back far
enough to cope with certain stages
of flight (as fuel is consumed, for
example, when the C of G generally
moves forward), as a lot of its range
will be taken up with the unusual
attitude, although a forward position
is needed to counteract flapback.
Not being able to flare in an
autorotation could well ruin your day
(in fact, if your engine fails and you
don't have enough cyclic movement
to counteract the nose down
Operational Procedures 81
tendency, the airflow will meet the
disc edge-on and not go up through
it, so you will not enter autorotation,
and the RPM will decrease even
more – ouch!). As well, lateral C of G
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