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small or medium within 760 m (a
grass strip is a runway).
Helicopters
Rotor downwash is wake
turbulence from helicopters,
which is easy to forget when
hovering near a runway
threshold or parked aircraft with
little wind. Downwash also
creates dust storms and can lift
even heavy objects into the air,
instantly presenting Foreign
Object Damage (FOD) hazards
to engines, main and tail rotor
blades (so don't bolt your FOD,
it gives you ingestion!—old RAF
joke, on which I hope there's no
Operational Procedures 117
copyright). Plastic bags or
packaging sheets are FOD, too.
Generally speaking, the larger
the helicopter, the greater the
potential danger (obvious,
really). Still air conditions permit
vortices to persist and travel
considerable distances.
Crew Members at their Stations
Flight Crew duty stations should be
occupied from when an aircraft
starts to move at the beginning of its
flight until stationary on its allocated
parking stand, and preferably once
the engines start. In level cruise and
during rotors-running turnrounds in
helicopters, any one member may,
with the commander’s permission,
leave an assigned station for an
agreed purpose and period, if there
is more than one pilot. However,
there may be a situation where a
passenger is about to walk into a
running tail rotor or propeller (or
otherwise be out of control) and
there's nobody to assist you if you're
by yourself. In the same way that it's
illegal for fire engines to be driven
across red lights, but they do
anyway, you can't legally leave your
seat and the aircraft unattended, but
it is justifiable afterwards if
something dangerous is about to
happen. For cabin crew, seating
positions should be evenly
distributed, be close to a floor level
exit and provide a good view of the
passenger cabin, in that order.
Use of Crew/Passenger Safety
Belts/Harnesses
Crew
During take-off and landing, and
whenever you consider it necessary,
crew members must be at their
stations, properly seated and secured
by their harnesses. Otherwise, flight
deck occupants must keep seat belts
fastened.
Passengers
Each person on board must be
briefed before take-off on how to
fasten and unfasten safety belts and
harnesses. Before take-off and
landing, and whenever you think it
prudent, you must ensure that they
each occupy a seat with safety belts
and harnesses properly secured.
Multiple occupancy of seats is not
permitted other than by 1 adult and
1 child less than 2, properly secured
by a child restraint device.
Admission to Flight Deck or Cockpit
Where your office is separate from
the cabin, passengers are not
normally allowed to move forward
into it, except in the single-pilot case
noted below. At your discretion and
in suitable cruise conditions,
individual passengers may be
allowed into the flight deck, during
which times both pilots must remain
seated at the controls and have their
seat belts fastened. However, this
very much depends on Company
policy. Authorised inspectors can
enter and remain on the flight deck
when suitable facilities exist (e.g.
unoccupied second pilot’s, or ‘jump’
seat), on official business, assuming
the safety of the flight will not be
compromised, as can Staff members,
on and off duty, at your discretion.
You have absolute authority to
refuse admission to and/or carriage
on the flight deck for any reason.
118 Operational Flying
Use of Vacant Crew Seats
If the aircraft requires 2 pilots, this is
obviously not allowed, but for single
pilot, where dual controls are fitted,
the second pilot’s seat may be
occupied by a non-crew member if
Flight Manual limitations are
observed, the person has the
permission of the Ops Manager
and/or the commander, with a valid
passenger/staff ticket and can
operate self-help exits. You must
also ensure that the person is
personally briefed on safety
procedures and equipment, by you,
the commander, and the importance
of using the full harness, occasions
when it remains fastened and the
need for the lap restraint to remain
fastened at all times. The person
should also remain clear of the flying
controls and not use pedals as a
footrest, so, if you can, remove them
completely. When the co-pilot's seat
is unoccupied, secure the harness
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