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and kept in the Landing Site Library,
possibly as part of the Airfield
Categorisation file, which is the
equivalent. This may then be used
with the OS Map for others to selfbrief
before using it.
However, making more than four
movements at a place in a relatively
short time (a movement is a take-off
or a landing) makes it a 'feeder site',
and subject to strict standards—
relevant if you're performing shuttle
flights at a special event, such as the
Grand Prix. Pleasure Flying and
Feeder Sites are considered
elsewhere.
Sites should allow you to make
emergency landings without danger
to persons or property on the
surface, or significant risk to the
helicopter and its occupants. An
alternate site for a twin should meet
single-engined requirements.
Performance Group A (JAR Class 1)
helicopters need sufficient take-off
space for the weight to be carried,
and take-off, landing and reject areas
must be prepared surfaces on which
you must be able to land safely
before the CDP, or continue to an
alternative afterwards. You must be
able to land safely on the planned
area after LDP.
Group A (Restricted) (JAR Class 2)
machines may have to make a forced
landing before CDP or after LDP.
For A (Restricted) and B, a prepared
surface is not required, but there
must be somewhere to land for a
reject that causes no risk to third
parties. If the site is too small,
and/or with obstructions, you can
downgrade to the next Group. It
works the other way round, too—
given room to manoeuvre, you could
upgrade and carry more payload.
The type of takeoff will depend on
the size of the area. Class 1 takeoff
techniques should be used when the
area is restricted, and clear climbout
paths should be available. They
should also be used from elevated
sites without obstructions so you can
land back on the site if an engine
fails before CDP.
Although an air or ground
inspection is needed for all this, it's
Operational Procedures 59
not always possible, so the charterer
should be asked to supply a large
scale map of the landing site and
approaches. If, on arrival, you decide
that the area is not suitable, you
shouldn't use it (which is easier said
than done), so it's most important
that the customer is fully aware of
your Company's requirements and
that he will be charged for an
abortive flight should the landing
site not meet the required standards.
How do you tell how suitable a site
is from the air? Difficult, that. The
easy answer is to suck it and see, but
confined or congested areas don't
meet Performance requirements for
Commercial Air Transport, and you
may be contravening the famous
Rule 5 as well (low flying). Your
customer wants to land. You, on the
other hand, have a licence to protect.
If you're at all unsure, do a couple of
flypasts and feel your way down –
confined areas are further discussed
under Mountain Flying.
The following criteria should apply
to all unlicensed sites, which are
technical requirements that do not
necessarily allow for low flying rules.
A congested area is one
"substantially used for recreational
and residential purposes", etc., which
officially makes a golf course one,
though you would be forgiven for
thinking otherwise. A rule of thumb
is 60% buildings and trees, but
specifics haven't been tested in court
yet, at least not in the UK.
There should be at least one
approach and departure lane
containing either no or only isolated
obstacles—a downwind component
is not acceptable. The lanes and
landing areas should be big enough
to ensure you can land, take off and
reach a safe height so you can touch
down into wind following an engine
failure, while avoiding obstacles by a
safe margin.
Try not to have marshland
underneath the lanes because, while
it may be soft, skids or wheels may
sink in during an emergency landing,
which is the last place you want
dynamic rollover. In other words,
the ground beneath the lanes must
be suitable for emergency landings
with respect to slope, softness,
frangible obstructions, etc. Water is
OK, provided the performance
group is suitable or you've got the
usual lifejackets, floats, etc.
The landing pad itself should be
level, drained, with a grass or solid
surface that does not blow up dust at
the slightest provocation (you should
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