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named airfield. Where the problem is
only runway length, that is, the field
would otherwise be in the A list, just
record satisfactory performance data
before you go.
Category C—RED
Especially difficult airfields without
recent familiarity, either in terrain,
met or non-standard procedures (e.g.
Hong Kong before it changed). You
may fly into them only if you (or an
Operational Procedures 57
accompanying pilot) have done so in
the last 13 months, as an observer,
and/or take instruction in an
approved simulator.
Other Categories
Airports are also allocated a threeletter
code by IATA for commercial
purposes, such as reservations,
ticketing and baggage labelling. It's
used on signals sent over the
Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications
Network (AFTN). For example,
YWG stands for Winnipeg. In the
same way, ICAO issues a four-letter
code, and you will already be familiar
with the EG codes on flight plans—
see Legal Stuff for the differences
between IATA and ICAO. As you
will have gathered, the first two
letters stand for the country and the
last two the particular airport. There
may be two others added for a
specific address within the airport.
Alternates
Twins
At 1-engine-out speed in still air
ISA conditions, takeoff
alternates should be within 1
hour's flight time, based on the
actual take-off weight, or 2
hours or the ETOPS diversion
time (below), whichever is less.
3- and 4-engined aircraft
The time is 2 hours still air flight
time at one-engine-inoperative
cruising speed in ISA, based on
the actual weight at take-off.
The remaining engine max
continuous power speed can be
used as an alternative.
IFR
There must be at least one
destination alternate for each
IFR flight, unless you will be
flying for less than 6 hours, or
the destination is isolated with
two separate runways, where
you can do a VMC approach
and landing from MSA for 1
hour either side of the ETA—
runways are separate when a
blockage of one will not affect
the other and each has an
approach procedure based on a
separate aid. If the weather will
be below minima for an hour
either side of the ETA, or no
met information is available, you
must have 2 alternates.
Alternates must be specified in
the Nav Log.
Helicopter Landing Sites
Ideally, flights should be undertaken
from licensed sites, but most will be
unlicensed, as helicopters are more
able to make use of them.
In the UK, aircraft below 2730 kg
MAUW don't need a licensed
aerodrome, provided the flights do
not begin and end at the same place,
take place at night, are not for
training or are not regular services.
Otherwise, licensed aerodromes
must be used for scheduled services
and training. The owner of a piece of
land does not need special
permission to use it as a Helicopter
Landing Site provided certain
conditions are met. Naturally, it
must not be in a congested area,
otherwise you will come up against
the ANO. It must also be only for
private or business use, that of any
employees, or people specifically
visiting for social or business
58 Operational Flying
purposes. Finally, no structure must
be erected in connection with its use
for helicopters, aside from
temporary ones (such as windsocks),
otherwise the Planning Permission
(Zoning) people will become
interested—there's no need to notify
them of anything unless the land is
to be used as a helipad on more than
28 days in any year. In fact, current
planning regulations allow a
helicopter to be used for personal,
business and leisure uses “as many
people use a private car” from the
owner’s dwelling house without
limitation, making it exempt from
planning control, provided the use is
incidental, or ancillary to, the
principal use of the land. Also, the
local police should be informed, as
well as the other emergency services,
especially where the public would
normally have a right-of-way (such
as a park).
In the USA, and probably Canada,
you can land a helicopter anywhere
that has not been declared as illegal,
with the usual provisos about low
flying and reckless operation, but be
aware that local restrictions may well
override any laid down by the FAA
or Transport Canada.
If you use an unlicensed site, a
landing site card should be raised
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