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expect to meet. Keep it out of the
aircraft when refuelling, so you don’t
get left with nothing if it catches fire.
If you're forced down, the same
principles of passenger preparation
for landing apply as for ditching (see
above). Having arrived on the
ground, the first task (if necessary) is
to assist survivors and apply First
Aid, after turning on the ELT or
SARBE if you have one, and the
second to provide shelter (once the
ELT is on, leave it on, as that will
make best use of the batteries). The
absence of food and water should
not become a problem for some
time if everyone's had their breakfast
– even in the Arctic, in Summer,
there's plenty of water around, but
you would still be wise to boil it first,
for at least 5 minutes, as cold does
not kill germs. Try not to eat or
drink at all for the first few hours,
and divide whatever you have into
equal parts. When you do eat, go
slowly and eat small amounts of
food. It’s generally best to avoid
mushrooms, as well.
Consider using the aircraft for
shelter if it hasn't burned away, and
has actually stopped bouncing. In
the Arctic, move the wreckage if you
can to the highest point around, so
Operational Procedures 151
you can be seen more easily. Don't
wander too far away from it, and
ensure that everyone stays within
sight of each other at all times. Use
remaining fuel for light and heat as
necessary (fuel must be warm before
it will light) and maintain a positive
mental attitude.
The best cure for hypothermia,
when your body loses more heat
than it produces, and your organs
lose their ability to function, is to is
to use blankets and lukewarm sweet
drinks. Direct heating, such as hot
water bottles, will only serve to open
up the surface blood vessels and take
heat away from the core organs,
where it’s most needed. Victims may
also vomit, so give them nil by
mouth, even when they are alert.
They may have an altered level of
consciousness, so handle them
carefully.
Hypothermia happens quite slowly,
and arises from cold and wind,
poorly insulated or wet clothing,
prolonged immersion in even warm
water, and fatigue (in water, heat is
conducted away 25% faster than in
cold air). Shivering and grogginess
are among the early symptoms, allied
with poor judgement and muddled
thinking. As it gets worse, the
shivering may stop and the attention
span will reduce, together with
shallow breathing and a slow, weak
pulse. Unconsciousness and little or
no breathing signifies the full thing,
with dilated pupils.
Although direct heating is not
recommended for hypothermia, it’s a
better solution for frostbite than
friction (for example, cupping a
frozen ear with your hand will have a
better effect than rubbing it). The
only reason you would hold snow
against a frostbitten part is to relieve
any pain caused by warming – it will
not help with the original condition!
Also, non-frozen liquids won’t
necessarily help, either.
You can communicate with SAR
aircraft visually by making the
following signals on the ground,
which are only a selection of the full
range available (see the UKAP).
They should be at least 8 feet high
with as large a contrast as possible
being obtained between the materials
used and the background.
Leave about 10 feet between them.
Rocking of the rescue aircraft's
wings during daylight and flashing of
the landing or navigation lights twice
at night indicates that your signals
are understood.
Wait before operating the SARBE or
ELT until it's likely that SAR
services are in your area (an hour
past ETA in Canada), and once it’s
on, leave it on, as that will make best
use of the batteries. Otherwise, see
Ditching, previously.
A typical job done in a remote area
is Site Support, described elsewhere.
Survival kits are considered
below…..
Use And Location Of
Emergency Equipment
Every aircraft carries a First Aid kit
that conforms to the ANO (and is
certified by an engineer). Lifejackets
are commonly stored under the
relevant seats when carried, and
liferafts should be securely stowed
but easily accessible.
ELTs are supposed to come on
automatically, and they generally do
152 Operational Flying
if they are attached to fixed wing
aircraft, assuming the batteries are
kept up to scratch and they are
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