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Rated pilots if the cloud within 10
nm of the destination is forecast to
be less than 5/8 at 1000 feet with a
minimum visibility of 1000m (VFR
OTT is only allowed with a permit in
Canada). The forecast should be
valid from take-off until 2 hours
after ETA. DO NOT LOSE SIGHT
OF THE GROUND AT ALL IN
THE ARCTIC.
Do not start Special VFR below 3
km, or conduct it below 1½ km.
Over water
When crossing estuaries, it's a
good idea to see the other side
before leaving the side you're
on, so you get as little of the
goldfish-bowl effect as possible.
Also, keep the shoreline in sight.
Out of sight of land, visibility
must be greater than 1500m by
day and 5 km by night.
Single-Engined Aeroplanes
If an engine fails, you must be able
to continue at or above MSA to
1000 feet above a place on land where
70 Operational Flying
you can make a safe forced landing.
Since you will be gliding, flight
above cloud extending below MSA
is not a good idea. You need 1000 ft
cloud-base agl (1500 over water or at
night) and 3 km visibility at all times.
Multi-Engined Aeroplanes
For minima, aeroplanes come in 5
speed categories, based on nominal
threshold speeds, defined as 1.3
times the stalling speed in the
landing configuration, or 1.23 times
VS 1G for JAR 25 certificated
aeroplanes, at max certificated
landing mass.
The five categories are:
Category Threshold Speed (Kts)
A Less than 91
B 91 to 120
C 121 to 140
D 141 to 165
E 166 to 210
A and B can operate under VFR
between 3-5 km visibility in Class G
airspace if the IAS is below 140 kts.
Special VFR flights shall not be
commenced when the visibility is
less than 3 km, and not otherwise
conducted when less than 1½ km.
All flights must be conducted in
accordance with Rules 24-27 of the
Rules of the Air.
Presentation and Application of
Operating Minima
If your flight guide does not contain
the information you need for a
particular aerodrome, the details
must be included in your flight brief.
For precision approaches, this will
be in terms of Decision Height (or
Decision Altitude when landing on
QNH) and RVR. For non-precision
approaches, it will be MDH (or
Altitude for QNH settings) and
RVR. For circling, the Minimum
Descent Height/Altitude will be
shown together with a minimum inflight
visibility (IFV).
You can always operate to higher
minima at any time in the interests
of safety, and you must always be
prepared to amend the intended
minima if the status of any aid
changes, which brings me back to
the previous idea about having
something up your sleeve.
Altitude Correction
Pressure altimeters indicate true
altitude under ISA conditions, so
where the temperature is higher, true
altitude will be higher than shown
and vice versa (errors may be
significant in extremely low
temperatures).
Interpreting Meteorological
Information
Some codes (e.g. for wind velocity)
use the same figures as the values
being reported, so a wind from 280°
at 15 knots is 28015KT. Otherwise,
lettered abbreviations are used, as
described below.
METARs
Routine actual weather reports
(METARs) are compiled half-hourly
or hourly while the met station is
open. Missing information may be
indicated by oblique strokes.
Horizontal Visibility
The minimum is in metres,
followed by one of the eight
points of the compass if there is
a difference in visibility by
direction, as with 4000NE. If
the minimum visibility is
Operational Procedures 71
between 1500-5000 m in
another direction, minimum and
maximum values, and their
directions will be given, e.g.
1400SW 6000N. 9999 means 10
km or more, while 0000 means
less than 50 metres.
Runway Visual Range (RVR)
An RVR group has the prefix R
followed by the runway
designator, then an oblique
stroke followed by the touchdown
RVR in metres. If RVR is
assessed simultaneously on two
or more runways, it will be
repeated; parallel runways are
distinguished by L, C or R, for
Left, Central or Right parallel
respectively, e.g. R24L/1100
R24R/1150. When the RVR is
more than 1500m or the
maximum that can be assessed,
the group will be preceded by P,
followed by the lesser value, e.g.
R24/P1500. When less than the
minimum, the RVR will be
reported as M followed by the
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