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problem, rather than into the liferaft
itself, as is the case with marine ones
(they could inflate in the cabin).
As it will float before it's fully
inflated, tie it to the airframe (unless
it's actually sinking), or a person,
before inflating (in fact, it should be
tied to at least one person as much
as possible). Do this downwind, so it
doesn't get damaged against the
aircraft. To turn it upright in the
water, get downwind, and place the
cylinder, which is heavy, towards
you. This weight, plus the wind, will
help it to flip over. Once inside the
raft, protect yourself as much as
possible with the canopy, and get the
sea anchor out. Buoyancy chambers
should be firm, but not rock hard.
Lifejackets
An unconscious person needs 35 lbs
of buoyancy to keep afloat, so make
sure they are so capable, especially
taking a fair bit of wear and tear.
Automatically inflated types activate
when a soluble tablet gets wet, which
is no good in a water-filled cabin, as
you will be unlikely to get out of the
cabin entrance. Purloining them
from airlines is also not a good idea,
as they use one-shot jackets. The
reason CO2 is used to inflate them is
that it doesn't burn.
Immersion Suits
Immersion suits are useful, but they
are not necessarily to keep you warm
long-term, that is, to delay
hypothermia, although that is part of
their function - a good majority of
deaths with a suit on occur well
within any time needed for
hypothermia to even set in. The real
danger is inside the first two or three
minutes, from cold shock response,
which will reduce your capacity to
hold your breath, and possibly set
off hyperventilation, aside from
contracting blood vessels and raising
the blood pressure. At temperatures
between 5-10°, the average capability
for holding the breath reduces to
about 10 seconds, if at all.
From 3-15 minutes, the problem
appears to be keeping the airways
clear – it can be quite frustrating
trying to breathe while you're
continually being splashed. It's not
till 30 minutes have passed in
average conditions that hypothermia
starts to rear its head, and if you're
not wearing a lifejacket, it will reduce
your ability to use your arms to
swim. Even the method of taking
you out of the water can be
dangerous if it causes the blood to
150 Operational Flying
pool away from the cardiovascular
system – whilst in the water, its
pressure against your body helps
return blood from the lower limbs
back to the heart – this support is
removed once you are out.
Operations and Forced
Landings In Remote Areas
Because of the difficulties of
communication in remote areas,
Ops, or someone responsible, must
know where you are. If you have to
make a forced landing, you must
ensure that the Company is notified
together with the appropriate ATC,
so that overdue action is not set in
motion unnecessarily. In the Sparsely
Settled Area of Canada you must be
able to communicate with a ground
station from any point along your
route, which means using SSB HF
(5680 KHz), unless within 25 nm of
your base or an airport.
When leaving passengers in an
isolated position, you need to make
sure of a couple of things. Firstly,
everyone understands the time (and
date) of pickup, the location and the
method of backup transportation.
Also, keep a record of the names, all
relevant grid references, etc.
Keep in mind the recovery problems
should the engines fail to start after a
shutdown; always position as close
as possible to a track or road to save
trouble later (engineers like being
near a pub as well, if you can manage
it). The track or road will also help as
a line feature to make your way back
with if you wander off and get lost.
Don’t let your fuel get too low – it’s
usually delivered to accurate GPS
co-ordinates, which may be on top
of a frozen lake so the drums will
sink in Spring and not be there when
you want them. Either that or Ops
may have written them down
wrongly. My point is that the added
stress of looking for fuel that isn’t
there when you’re short anyway is
not what you need.
Assuming passengers don’t carry too
much baggage, you should be able to
carry a few home comforts, such as a
tent, a stove that runs on aircraft
fuel, high-calorie food and a sleeping
bag rated for the temperatures you
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