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significant change.
3.7 Cloud Height Datum
3.7.1 In aerodrome and trend forecasts, cloud heights are given above
aerodrome elevations. In other forecasts, heights are expressed:
a. as a flight level; or
b. with reference to mean sea level.
3.8 Forecast Amendments
3.8.1 Amendments to forecasts are issued as necessary when changes
are expected during the period of validity of a given forecast.
3.9 Wind Shear Forecast Service
3.9.1 Aircraft encounters during climb and descent are the primary
means of detecting wind shear. The MET forecasting office
provides advice, when possible, on the likely duration of the event
and a forecast low level wind.
3.9.2 Wind shear events are not readily detectable using current
meteorological instrumentation; however, where a risk of wind
GEN TOC ENR TOC AD TOC Index
GEN (GENERAL) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
shear is assessed from a consideration of the meteorological
situation, then a forecast of PROBABLE VERTICAL WIND
SHEAR is issued. These forecasts are normally valid for up to two
hours from their time of issue, and are reviewed every half hour
and reissued as necessary. This service is provided at Adelaide,
Alice Springs, Brisbane, Cairns, Canberra, Darwin, Launceston,
Melbourne, Perth, Port Hedland, Rockhampton, Sydney and
Townsville during duty hours of the MET forecasting office.
3.9.3 When wind shear is forecast or reported by pilots at an intensity
greater than “light”, this information, together with a forecast low
level wind, will be included on the ATIS at any of the above
aerodromes.
4. METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS
4.1 Aerodrome Weather Reports are observations of
meteorological conditions at aerodromes. The reports are made
by approved observers, or through electronic recording devices
called Automatic Weather Stations (AWS). The different types of
reports are detailed below.
4.2 Routine Reports (METAR) are issued at fixed times, hourly or
half hourly, and are made available at preflight briefing or on
request to aircraft in flight (METAR composition is detailed in para
12.).
4.3 Special Reports (SPECI) are aerodrome weather reports issued
whenever weather conditions fluctuate about or are below
specified criteria.
4.3.1 SPECI reports are issued whenever there is more than 4/8ths
cloud (ie, BKN or OVC) at or below the circling minimum cloud
base plus 500FT (ie, the alternate minimum cloud base), or
whenever the visibility is at or below the circling minimum visibility
plus 2KM (ie, the alternate minimum visibility).
4.3.2 SPECI will also be issued under the following conditions:
a. wind:
(1) when mean direction changes by 30 o or more, the mean
speed before or after the change being 20KT or more; or
(2) when the mean speed changes by 10KT or more, the
mean speed before or after the change being 30KT or
more; or
GEN TOC ENR TOC AD TOC Index
GEN (GENERAL) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
(3) when the variation from the mean speed gusts has
increased by 10KT or more, the mean speed before or
after the change being 15KT or more.
b. other conditions:
(1) when any of the following begins, ends or changes in
intensity – thunderstorm, hailstorm, mixed snow and
rain, freezing precipitation, drifting snow, dust storm,
sandstorm, squall, fog;
(2) When severe turbulence, severe icing or wind shear is
reported by pilot to have begun or ended;
(3) at the passage of a front;
(4) at the incidence of any other phenomena likely to be
significant to the operation of an aircraft;
(5) when the QNH altimeter setting changes by 2HPA or
more;
(6) when the temperature changes by 5°C or more.
4.4 Take-off and Landing Reports are provided at aerodromes
where a control tower is established. This service may also be
provided by a CA/GRS or UNICOM, details of which can be
obtained in ERSA.
4.4.1 Take-off and landing reports are included on ATIS, where
available, or passed to aircraft reporting taxiing or inbound.
Take-off and landing reports contain, as available, the following:
a. wind velocity, with direction in degrees magnetic;
b. altimeter setting;
c. air temperature (if appropriate to the type of aircraft);
d. low cloud, if significant;
e. visibility, if significant – in metres up to and including 5,000M,
above this value in KM. A visibility greater than 10KM is given
as “VISIBILITY GREATER THAN 10KM”;
f. additional items, ie, extent of cloud below the main ceiling,
disposition and intensity of rain, reported turbulence area, etc;
g. CAVOK – when the following conditions are observed to occur
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