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students are encouraged to ask questions. A model is even
more effective if it works like the original, and if it can be
taken apart and reassembled. With the display of an operating
model, the students can observe how each part works in
relation to the other parts. When the instructor points to
each part of the model while explaining these relationships,
the students can better understand the mechanical principles
involved. As instructional aids, models are usually more
practical than originals because they are lightweight and
easy to manipulate.
A mock-up is a three-dimensional or specialized type of
working model made from real or synthetic materials. It is
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used for study, training, or testing in place of the real object,
which is too costly or too dangerous, or which is impossible
to obtain. The mock-up may emphasize or highlight elements
or components for learning and eliminate nonessential
elements.
Cut-aways, another type of model, are built in sections and
can be taken apart to reveal the internal structure. Whenever
possible, the various parts should be labeled or colored to
clarify relationships.
Production and equipment costs are limiting factors to
consider in developing and using models, mock-ups, and cutaways. Depending on the nature of the representation, cost
can vary. For instance, scale replicas are often very expensive.
In general, if a two-dimensional representation will satisfy
the instructor’s requirement, it should be used.
Test Preparation Material
Test preparation material applies to an array of paper, video, and
computer software products that are designed by commercial
publishers to help student applicants prepare for FAA tests.
While test preparation materials may be effective in preparing
students for FAA tests, the danger is that students may learn
to pass a given test, but fail to learn other critical information
essential to safe piloting and maintenance practices. In
addition, FAA inspectors and designated examiners have
found that student applicants often exhibit a lack of knowledge
during oral questioning, even though many have easily
passed the FAA knowledge test. A major shortcoming of test
preparation materials is that the emphasis is on rote learning,
which is the lowest of all levels of learning.
Test preparation materials, as well as instructors, that dwell
on teaching the test are shortchanging student applicants.
All instructors who use test preparation publications should
stress that these materials are not designed as stand-alone
learning tools. They should be considered as a supplement
to instructor-led training.
Future Developments
Electronic communications, including use of computer
databases, voice mail, e-mail, Internet, World Wide Web, and
satellite-based, wireless communications, are routine and this
explosion of information access affects aviation training. It
will be even more significant in the future.
Computer technology continues to advance in quantum leaps,
challenging traditional ways of teaching. For example, voicerecognition technology, which lets computers accept spoken
rather than keyed input, is highly effective for technical
training.
Miniature electro-optical devices allow computer-aided
information to be projected electronically on sunglass-style
eye wear which is connected to a lightweight, belt mounted
computer. Computer-aided information is particularly useful
for aviation maintenance activities. For example, it would be
possible for a technician’s eyes to easily move back and forth
from computer-generated technical data to the actual hardware
while diagnosing and correcting a maintenance problem.
Trends in training indicate a shift from the typical classroom to
more extensive use of a lab-type environment with computer
work or study stations. Using simulation devices, computer
networks, and multimedia programs, students become more
actively involved and responsible for their own training.
Aviation-related learning centers are usually associated with
colleges, universities, and research centers. The airlines,
as well as aeronautical programs at some colleges and
universities, have used similar facilities for many years.
Another type of computer-based technology, virtual reality
(VR), creates a sensory experience that allows a participant
to believe and barely distinguish a virtual experience from
a real one. VR uses graphics with animation systems,
sounds, and images to reproduce electronic versions of
real-life experience. Despite enormous potential, VR, in its
current stage of development, has drawbacks. It is extremely
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(92)
