曝光台 注意防骗
网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者
training syllabus.
A broad, overall objective of any pilot training course is to
qualify the student to be a competent, efficient, safe pilot for
the operation of specific aircraft types under stated conditions.
The established criteria or standards to determine whether the
training has been adequate are the passing of knowledge and
practical tests required by 14 CFR for the issuance of pilot
certificates. Similar objectives and standards are established
for AMT students. Professional instructors should not limit
their objectives to meeting only the published requirements
for pilot or AMT certification.
Instructional objectives should also extend beyond those
listed in official publications. Successful instructors teach
their students not only how, but also why and when. By
incorporating ADM and risk management into each lesson,
the aviation instructor helps the student learn, develop, and
reinforce the decision-making process which ultimately leads
to sound judgment and good decision-making skills.
Performance-Based Objectives
Performance-based objectives are used to set measurable,
reasonable standards that describe the desired performance
of the student. This usually involves the term behavioral
objective, although it may be referred to as a performance,
instructional, or educational objective. All refer to the same
thing, the behavior of the student.
These objectives provide a way of stating what performance
level is desired of a student before the student is allowed to
progress to the next stage of instruction. Again, the objectives
must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. In other words,
they must mean the same thing to any knowledgeable reader.
The objectives must be written. If they are not written, they
become subject to the fallibility of recall, interpretation, or
loss of specificity with time.
Performance-based objectives consist of three elements:
description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria.
Each part is required and must be stated in a way that leaves
every reader with the same picture of the objective, how it is
performed, and to what level of performance. [Figure 4-4]
4-6
Figure 4-5. Examples of Practical Test Standards.
Description of the
Skill or Behavior—
desired outcome of
training stated in
concrete terms that
can be measured.
Conditions—
the framework under
which the skill or
behavior is to
be demonstrated.
Criteria—
the standards
used to measure
the accomplishment
of the objective.
Figure 4-4. Performance-based objectives are made up of a
description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria.
Description of the Skill or Behavior
The description of the skill or behavior explains the desired
outcome of the instruction. It is actually a learned capability,
which may be defined as knowledge, a skill, or an attitude.
The description should be in concrete terms that can be
measured. Terms such as “knowledge of ...” and “awareness
of ...” cannot be measured very well, and words like this
should be avoided. Phrases like “able to select from a list
of ...” or “able to repeat the steps to ...” are better because
they describe something that can be measured. Furthermore,
the skill or behavior described should be logical and within
the overall instructional plan.
Conditions
Conditions are necessary to specifically explain the rules
under which the skill or behavior is demonstrated. If a
desired capability is to navigate from point A to point B,
the objective as stated is not specific enough for all students
to do it in the same way. Information such as equipment,
tools, reference material, and limiting parameters should
be included. For example, inserting conditions narrows
the objective as follows: “Using sectional charts, a flight
computer, and Cessna 172, navigate from point A to point
B while maintaining standard hemispheric altitudes.”
Sometimes, in the process of writing the objective, a difficulty
is encountered. This might be someone saying, “But, what
if ...?” This is a good indication that the original version was
confusing to that person. If it is confusing to one person, it
will be confusing to others and should be corrected.
Criteria
Criteria are the standards that measure the accomplishment
of the objective. The criteria should be stated so that there
is no question whether the objective has been met. In the
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：
Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(68)
