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separating the right wing, half of the left wing, and coming
to rest inverted. The pilot did not report any mechanical
deficiencies with the airplane during the attempted approaches.
Injuries: one serious, one minor, one uninjured.”
The flight instructor has the student analyze the information
and suggest possible reasons for the accident. The instructor
then shares the NTSB’s determination of probable cause:
“The pilot’s inadequate decision to continue VFR flight into
IMC conditions, which resulted in a loss of engine power due
to fuel exhaustion” which can lead to further discussions of
how to avoid this type of accident. Accident data is available
at NTSB’s Aviation Accident Database & Synopses at www.
ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp/.
Electronic Learning (E-Learning)
Electronic learning or e-learning has become an umbrella
term for any type of education that involves an electronic
component such as the Internet, a network, a stand-alone
computer, CD/DVDs, video conferencing, websites, or email in its delivery. [Figure 4-12] E-learning comes in many
formats. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes
a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive
web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of
mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and
assignments. E-learning can be as basic as an online college
course taken via e-mail or as sophisticated as refining flight
techniques in a helicopter simulator.
Time flexible, cost competitive, learner centered, easily
updated, accessible anytime, and anywhere, e-learning has
many advantages that make it a popular addition to the field
of education. Predictions are that more and more learning
will take place via e-learning.
E-learning is now used for training at many different levels.
For example, technology flight training devices and flight
simulators are used by everyone from flight schools to major
airlines, as well as the military. Fixed-base operators (FBOs)
who offer instrument training may use personal computerbased aviation training devices (PCATDs) or flight training
devices (FTDs) for a portion of the instrument time a pilot
needs for the instrument rating. Major airlines have highlevel flight simulators that are so realistic that transitioning
crews meet all qualifications in the flight simulator.
Likewise, military pilots use flight training devices or flight
simulators to prepare for flying aircraft, such as the A-10,
for which there are no two-seat training versions. With elearning, sophisticated databases can organize vast amounts
of information that can be quickly sorted, searched, found,
and cross-indexed.
Due to the active nature of e-learning, the overall learning
process is enhanced in several ways. Well-designed programs
allow students to feel as if they are in control of what they are
learning and how fast they learn it. They can explore areas
that interest them and discover more about a subject on their
own. In addition, e-learning often seems more enjoyable
than learning from a regular classroom lecture. The main
advantages are less time spent on instruction compared to
traditional classroom training, and higher levels of mastery
and retention.
Distance learning, or the use of electronic media to deliver
instruction when the instructor and student are separated,
is another advantage to e-learning. Participants in a class
may be located on different continents, yet share the same
teaching experience. Distance learning also may be defined
as a system and process that connects students with resources
for learning. As sources for access to information expand,
the possibilities for distance learning increases.
While e-learning has many training advantages, it also has
limitations which can include the lack of peer interaction and
personal feedback, depending on what method of e-learning
is used. For the instructor, maintaining control of the learning
situation may be difficult. It also may be difficult to find
good programs for certain subject areas, and the expense
associated with the equipment, software, and facilities must
be considered. In addition, instructors and students may lack
sufficient experience with personal computers to take full
advantage of the software programs that are available.
Improper or excessive use of e-learning should be avoided.
For example, a flight instructor should not rely exclusively
on a software program on traffic patterns and landings to do
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(81)
