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to attainment of a specific goal, such as a certificate of
completion, graduation, or an academic degree.
Crew resource management (CRM). The application of
team management concepts in the flight deck environment. It
was initially known as cockpit resource management, but as
CRM programs evolved to include cabin crews, maintenance
personnel and others, the phrase “crew resource management”
has been adopted. This includes single pilots, as in most general
aviation aircraft. Pilots of small aircraft, as well as crews
of larger aircraft, must make effective use of all available
resources; human resources, hardware, and information. A
current definition includes all groups routinely working with
the cockpit crew who are involved in decisions required to
operate a flight safely. These groups include, but are not limited
to: pilots, dispatchers, cabin crewmembers, maintenance
personnel, and air traffic controllers. CRM is one way of
addressing the challenge of optimizing the human/machine
interface and accompanying interpersonal activities.
Criteria. The third part of a performance-based objective,
descriptions of standards that will be used to measure the
accomplishment of the objective.
Criterion-referenced testing. System of testing where
students are graded against a carefully written, measurable
standard or criterion rather than against each other.
CRM. See crew resource management.
Curriculum. A set of courses in an area of specialization
offered by an educational institution. A curriculum for a
pilot school usually includes courses for the various pilot
certificates and ratings.
Cut-away. Model of an object that is built in sections so it
can be taken apart to reveal the inner structure.
Defense mechanisms. Subconscious ego-protecting reactions
to unpleasant situations.
Demonstration-performance method. An educational
presentation where an instructor first shows the student the
correct way to perform an activity and then has the student
attempt the same activity.
Description of the skill or behavior. The first part of a
performance-based objective which explains the desired
outcome of instruction in concrete terms that can be
measured.
G-3
Determiners. In test items, words which give a clue to the
answer. Words such as “always” and “never” are determiners
in true-false questions. Since absolutes are rare, such words
usually make the statement false.
Direct question. A question used for follow-up purposes,
but directed at a specific individual.
Discrimination. The degree to which a test distinguishes the
differences between students.
Distractors. Incorrect responses to a multiple-choice test
item.
Disuse. A theory of forgetting that suggests a person forgets
those things that are not used.
Drill and practice method. A time-honored training delivery
method based on the learning principle that connections are
strengthened with practice.
Effect. A principle of learning that learning is strengthened
when accompanied by a pleasant or satisfying feeling, and
that learning is weakened when associated with an unpleasant
feeling.
Electronic learning (e-learning). Any type of education
that involves an electronic component such as the Internet,
a network, a stand-alone computer, CD/DVDs, video
conferencing, websites, or e-mail in its delivery.
Element of threat. A perception factor that describes how
a person is unlikely to easily comprehend an event if that
person is feeling threatened since most of a person’s effort
is focused on whatever is threatening them.
Exercise. A principle of learning emphasizing that those
things most often repeated are best remembered.
FAASTeam. See Federal Aviation Administration Safety
Team.
FAASTeam Program Manager. The person who designs,
implements, and evaluates the FAASTeam within the
FAA flight standards district office (FSDO) area of
responsibility.
FAASTeam Representative. A volunteer within the aviation
community who shares technical expertise and professional
knowledge as a part of the FAASTeam.
Federal Aviation Administration Safety Team
(FAASTeam). An organization promoting safety standards
and the reduction of aircraft related accidents. Each of
the eight FAA Flight Standards regions have a dedicated
FAASTeam office.
Flight review. A 14 CFR 61.56 requirement designed to
assess and update a pilot’s knowledge and skills.
Flight training devices (FTDs). A full-size replica of the
instruments, equipment, panels, and controls of an aircraft,
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(185)
