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computer, screen, and projector may be needed for the
classroom, a laptop computer may be all that is needed for
the one-on-one presentation. These slide shows can be only
bulleted information or incorporate animation and video clips.
The instructor can tailor the presentation for the class and
also include graphics at appropriate points. A wireless mouse
can be used to activate the slide changes from anywhere in
the room.
Another convenient and cost effective instructional aid is
the overhead transparency and projector. Instructors can
create their own overhead acetate or plastic transparencies,
or they may purchase commercially produced ones. Material
composed on a computer word processing and graphics
program can also be printed onto transparencies.
The equipment can be placed at the front of the room,
allowing the instructor to maintain eye contact with students.
[Figure 4-18] The brilliant light source concentrated at a
short distance makes it possible to use the projector in lighted
areas. The instructor also can write on a blank transparency
4-27
Figure 4-18. Interior of a lecture room designed for trainings with
enhanced training materials utilizing projection equipment.
as the lesson progresses, much like a chalk or marker board.
Additional transparencies can be overlaid onto the original
to show development or buildup of an event or display.
Overlays can also be cut into various shapes and moved about
in relation to the base transparency. This is a useful technique
for displaying dial indications or fitting several parts of a
component together so relative motion can be simulated.
With any projection equipment, instructors should ensure
the projector does not obstruct the students’ line of sight.
The projection angle should be adjusted to eliminate
image distortion. Finally, although the overhead projector
is simple to operate and requires little maintenance, it has
disadvantages. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store,
and the projector cooling fan may be noisy.
Although vastly different from other projection equipment,
the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the
picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection
screen. The height of usable objects is limited to the space
between the top of the lowered projection plate and the body
of the projector, usually about two or three inches. The area
of the picture or object is limited to approximately 10 inches
by 10 inches.
Items which may be projected are practically limitless. A
postage stamp, typed material, textbook illustrations, or
a defective spark plug are representative of the items that
may be projected. This equipment is especially adapted to
enlarging diagrams and small charts for display purposes.
Since the material projected requires no special preparation,
the cost is very low. Many of the limitations of the overhead
projector are also true of the opaque projector.
Video
CDs and DVDs are today’s popular video instructional aids.
Some educators believe that television and the film industry
have produced a visual culture that has actually changed the
way people learn.
Passive video, or video that the student watches like a movie,
provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases, special
effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques.
High-quality, commercially produced CDs and DVDs
are available for almost every aviation training subject.
Consequently, CDs and DVDs have replaced many of the
projection-type instructional aids.
For instructors, the convenience of CDs and DVDs is
certainly an advantage. The capability to stop, freeze, and
replay information is helpful for both instructors and students.
CDs and DVDs and the associated equipment, although
more expensive than some of the more basic instructional
aid equipment, are fairly economical. Unlike other forms of
projected material, CDs and DVDs can also be played on a
laptop computer.
On the other hand, CDs and DVDs offer their own
disadvantages. Students are often accustomed to dramatic,
action-packed movies or games designed as entertainment.
They also tend to watch movies or TV in a passive way
without attempting to absorb what they are seeing and
hearing. Instructional CDs and DVDs, in comparison, are
perceived as much less exciting and less stimulating visually.
This, coupled with an inattentive viewing style, can diminish
the instructional value of the CD or DVD.
As is true for any instructional aid, instructors need to
follow some basic guidelines when using CDs and DVDs.
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(90)
