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instruction.
Personality Types
In a continuing quest to figure out why humans do what they
do, the mother-daughter team of Katharine Cook Briggs
and Isabel Briggs Myers pioneered the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI) test in 1962. The MBTI was based on
Jungian theory, previous research into personality traits,
and lengthy personal observations of human behavior by
Myers and Briggs. They believed that much seemingly
random variation in human behavior is actually quite orderly
and consistent, being due to basic differences in the ways
individuals prefer to use their perception and judgment. They
distilled human behavior into sixteen distinct personality
types. Inspired by their research, clinical psychologist and
author, Dr. David Keirsey condensed their sixteen types
into four groups he calls Guardian, Artisan, Rational, and
Idealist. Others have either contributed or continued to
1-3
Figure 1-2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
Physiological Needs:
Air, Water, Food, Shelter, Sleep, Sex
Safety and Security
Love and Belongingness
Self-Esteem
Self-
Actualization:
Vitality Creativity
Self-Sufficiency
Authenticity Playfulness
Meaningfulness
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expand personality research and its influence on human
behavior. Personality type testing now runs the gamut from
helping people make career choices to helping people choose
marriage partners.
Instructor and Student Relationship
How does personality type testing affect instructors and
students? Research has led many educational psychologists
to feel that based on personality type, everyone also has an
individual style of learning. In this theory, working with
that style, rather than against it, benefits both instructor
and student. Although controversy often swirls around
the educational benefits of teaching students according to
personality types, it has gained a large following and been
implemented at many levels of education. Today’s student
can visit any number of websites, take a personality test,
and discover what type of student he or she is and how best
to study.
Not only does personality type influence how one learns, it
also influences how one teaches. Learning one’s personality
type helps an instructor recognize how he or she instructs.
Why is it important to recognize personal instruction style?
The match or mismatch between the way an instructor
teaches and the way a student learns contributes to student
satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Students whose learning styles
are compatible with the teaching styles of an instructor tend
to retain information longer, apply it more effectively, learn
more, and have a more positive attitude toward the course
in general. Although an instructor cannot change his or her
preferred style of teaching to match a learning style, steps
can be taken to actively bridge the differences.
Consider Derek’s dilemma with Jason. Derek knows he is
the type of instructor who provides a clear, precise syllabus
and has a tendency to explain with step-by-step procedures.
His teaching style relies on traditional techniques and he
often finds himself teaching as he was taught. Observation
leads Derek to believe Jason is the type of person who needs
the action, excitement, and variation reflected in his career
choice. In an effort to focus Jason on the need to learn all
aspects of flight, Derek sets up a scenario for the day that
features how to scout locations for future adventure tours.
By adjusting the flight scenario, Derek pushes himself out
of his lock-step approach to teaching. He has also added an
element of variation to the lesson that not only interests Jason,
but is one of the reasons he wants to learn to fly.
Human Needs and Motivation
Human needs are things all humans require for normal
growth and development. These needs have been studied by
psychologists and categorized in a number of ways. Henry A.
Murray, one of the founders of personality psychology who
was active in developing a theory of motivation, identified a
list of core psychological needs in 1938. He described these
needs as being either primary (based on biological needs, such
as the need for food) or secondary (generally psychological,
such as the need for independence). Murray believed the
interplay of these needs produce distinct personality types
and are internal influences on behavior.
Murray’s research underpins the work of psychologist
Abraham Maslow who also studied human needs, motivation,
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