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is the part of the decision-making process which relies on situational awareness, problem recognition, and good judgment to reduce risks
associated with each flight.
Situational Awareness
is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety
before, during, and after the flight.
Skills and Procedures
are the procedural, psychomotor, and perceptual skills used to control a specific aircraft or its systems. They are the airmanship abilities
that are gained through conventional training, are perfected, and become almost automatic through experience.
Stress Management
is the personal analysis of the kinds of stress experienced while flying, the application of appropriate stress assessment tools, and other
coping mechanisms.
Figure 8-7. Terms used in AC 60-22 to explain concepts used in ADM training.
Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her
destination and considers other options: turning around
and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or
landing prior to her destination at an airport en route. She
now considers the expected outcome of each possible action
and assesses the risks involved. After studying the chart,
she concludes there is an airport which has fueling services
within a reasonable distance along her route. She can refuel
there and continue to her destination without a significant
loss of time.
8-17
The Five Hazardous Attitudes
Anti-authority: “Don’t tell me.”
This attitude is found in people who do not like anyone telling them what to do. In a sense, they are saying, “No one can tell me
what to do.”They may be resentful of having someone tell them what to do, or may regard rules, regulations, and procedures as
silly or unnecessary. However, it is always pilot prerogative to question authority if it seems to be in error.
Impulsivity: “Do it quickly.”
This is the attitude of people who frequently feel the need to do something—anything—immediately. They do not stop to think about
what they are about to do; they do not select the best alternative, and they do the first thing that comes to mind.
Invulnerability: “It won’t happen to me.”
Many people believe that accidents happen to others, but never to them. They know accidents can happen, and they know that
anyone can be affected. They never really feel or believe that they will be personally involved. Pilots who think this way are more likely
to take chances and increase risk.
Macho: “I can do it.”
Pilots who are always trying to prove that they are better than anyone else are thinking, “I can do it, I’ll show them.”Pilots with this
type of attitude will try to prove themselves by taking risks in order to impress others. While this pattern is thought to be a male
characteristic, women are equally susceptible.
Resignation: “What’s the use?”
Pilots who think, “What’s the use?”do not see themselves as being able to make a great deal of difference in what happens to them.
When things go well, the pilot is apt to think that it is good luck. When things go badly, the pilot may feel that “someone is out to get
me,”or attribute it to bad luck. The pilot will leave the action to others, for better or worse. Sometimes, such pilots will even go along
with unreasonable requests just to be a “nice guy.”
Figure 8-8. Pilots should examine their decisions carefully to ensure that their choices have not been influenced by a hazardous
attitude.
Implementing the Decision and Evaluating the
Outcome
Although a decision may be reached and a course of
action implemented, the decision-making process is not
complete. It is important to think ahead and determine how
the decision could affect other phases of the flight. As the
flight progresses, the pilot must continue to evaluate the
outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the
desired result.
To implement her decision, Brenda plots the course changes
and calculates a new estimated time of arrival. She also
contacts the nearest AFSS to amend her flight plan and check
weather conditions at the new destination. As she proceeds
to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft
performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional
steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight.
Factors Affecting Decision-Making
It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with
the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has
the good judgment to be a safe pilot. The ability to make
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(142)
