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or set of aircraft, in an open flight deck area or in an enclosed
cockpit. A force (motion) cueing system or visual system is
not required.
Follow-up question. In the guided discussion method, a
question used by an instructor to get the discussion back
on track or to get the students to explain something more
thoroughly.
Formal lecture. An oral presentation where the purpose
is to inform, persuade, or entertain with little or no verbal
participation by the listeners.
FTD. See flight training device.
Goals and values. A perception factor that describes
how a person’s perception of an event depends on beliefs.
Motivation toward learning is affected by how much value a
person puts on education. Instructors who have some idea of
the goals and values of their students will be more successful
in teaching them.
Guided discussion method. An educational presentation
typically used in the classroom where the topic to be covered
by a group is introduced and the instructor participates only
as necessary to keep the group focused on the subject.
Hierarchy of human needs. A listing by Abraham
Maslow of needs, from the most basic to the most fulfilling:
physiological, security, belonging, esteem, cognitive and
aesthetic, and self-actualization.
Human factors. A multidisciplinary field devoted to
optimizing human performance and reducing human error.
It incorporates the methods and principles of the behavioral
and social sciences, engineering, and physiology. It may
be described as the applied science which studies people
working together in concert with machines. Human factors
involve variables that influence individual performance, as
well as team or crew performance.
G-4
Human nature. The general psychological characteristics,
feelings, and behavioral traits shared by all humans.
Illustrated talk. An oral presentation where the speaker relies
heavily on visual aids to convey ideas to the listeners.
Insight. The grouping of perceptions into meaningful
wholes. Creating insight is one of the instructor’s major
responsibilities.
Instructional aids. Devices that assist an instructor in the
teaching-learning process. They are supplementary training
devices, and are not self-supporting.
Instrument proficiency check. An evaluation ride based on
the instrument rating practical test standard which is required
to regain instrument flying privileges when the privileges
have expired due to lack of currency.
Integrated flight instruction. A technique of flight
instruction in which students are taught to perform flight
maneuvers by reference to both the flight instruments and to
outside visual references from the time the maneuver is first
introduced. Handling of the controls is the same regardless
of whether flight instruments or outside references are being
used.
Intensity. A principle of learning in which a dramatic or
exciting learning experience is likely to be remembered
longer than a boring experience. Students experiencing the
real thing will learn more than when they are merely told
about the real thing.
Interactive video. Software that responds quickly to certain
choices and commands by the user. A typical system consists
of a compact disk, computer, and video technology.
Interference. (1) A theory of forgetting proposing that
a person forgets something because a certain experience
overshadows it, or the learning of similar things has
intervened. (2) Barriers to effective communication that are
caused by physiological, environmental, and psychological
factors outside the direct control of the instructor. The
instructor must take these factors into account in order to
communicate effectively.
Internet. An electronic network that connects computers
around the world.
Judgment. The mental process of recognizing and analyzing
all pertinent information in a particular situation, a rational
evaluation of alternative actions in response to it, and a timely
decision on which action to take.
Knowledge. Information that humans are consciously aware
of and can articulate.
Lack of common experience. In communication, a difficulty
which arises because words have different meanings for the
source and the receiver of information due to their differing
backgrounds.
Lead-off question. In the guided discussion method,
a question used by an instructor to open up an area for
discussion and get the discussion started.
Learning. A change in behavior as a result of experience.
Learning plateau. A learning phenomenon where progress
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(186)
