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This chapter discusses safety risk management in the aviation
community, looking at it as preemptive, rather than reactive.
The principles of risk management and the tools for teaching
risk management in the flight training environment are
addressed in Chapter 8, Techniques of Flight Instruction.
Defining Risk Management
Risk is defined as the probability and possible severity of
accident or loss from exposure to various hazards, including
injury to people and loss of resources. [Figure 9-1] All
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) operations in the
United States involve risk and require decisions that include
risk assessment and risk management. Risk management, a
formalized way of thinking about these topics, is the logical
process of weighing the potential costs of risks against the
possible benefits of allowing those risks to stand uncontrolled.
Risk management is a decision-making process designed to
9-3
identify hazards systematically, assess the degree of risk, and
determine the best course of action. Key terms are:
• Hazard—a present condition, event, object, or
circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an
unplanned or undesired event, such as an accident.
It is a source of danger. For example, a nick in the
propeller represents a hazard.
• Risk—the future impact of a hazard that is not
controlled or eliminated. It is the possibility of loss
or injury. The level of risk is measured by the number
of people or resources affected (exposure); the extent
of possible loss (severity); and likelihood of loss
(probability).
• Safety—freedom from those conditions that can
cause death, injury, occupational illness, or damage
to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to
the environment. Note that absolute safety is not
possible because complete freedom from all hazardous
conditions is not possible. Therefore, safety is a
relative term that implies a level of risk that is both
perceived and accepted.
Principles of Risk Management
Accept No Unnecessary Risk
Unnecessary risk is that which carries no commensurate
return in terms of benefits or opportunities. Everything
involves risk. The most logical choices for accomplishing
an operation are those that meet all requirements with the
minimum acceptable risk. The corollary to this axiom is
“accept necessary risk” required to complete the operation
or task successfully. Flying is impossible without risk, but
unnecessary risk comes without a corresponding return. If
flying a new airplane for the first time, a CFI might determine
that the risk of making that flight in low instrument flight
rules (IFR) conditions is unnecessary.
Make Risk Decisions at the Appropriate Level
Anyone can make a risk decision. However, the appropriate
decision-maker is the person who can develop and implement
risk controls. The decision-maker must be authorized to
accept levels of risk typical of the planned operation. In
a single-pilot situation, the pilot makes the decision to
accept certain levels of risk. In the maintenance facility, an
aviation maintenance technician (AMT) may need to elevate
decisions to the next level in the chain of management upon
determining that those controls available to him or her will
not reduce residual risk to an acceptable level.
Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the Costs
All identified benefits should be compared against all
identified costs. Even high-risk endeavors may be undertaken
when there is clear knowledge that the sum of the benefits
exceeds the sum of the costs. For example, in any flying
activity, it is necessary to accept some degree of risk. A day
with good weather, for example, is a much better time to fly
an unfamiliar airplane for the first time than a day with low
instrument flight rules (IFR) conditions.
Integrate Risk Management Into Planning at All
Levels
Risks are more easily assessed and managed in the planning
stages of an operation. The later changes are made in the
process of planning and executing an operation, the more
expensive and time consuming they become. Because risk
is an unavoidable part of every flight, safety requires the use
of appropriate and effective risk management not just in the
preflight planning stage, but in all stages of the flight.
Risk Management Process
Risk management is a simple process which identifies
operational hazards and takes reasonable measures to reduce
risk to personnel, equipment, and the mission.
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(148)
