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manifest themselves. Extreme fatigue can cause uncontrolled
and involuntary shutdown of the brain. Regardless of
motivation, professionalism, or training, an individual who
is extremely sleepy can lapse into sleep at any time, despite
the potential consequences of inattention. There are a number
of countermeasures for coping with fatigue, as shown in
Figure 9-6.
9-11
Complacency presents another obstacle to maintaining
situational awareness. Defined as overconfidence from
repeated experience on a specific activity, complacency
has been implicated as a contributing factor in
numerous aviation accidents and incidents. Like fatigue,
complacency reduces the pilot’s effectiveness in the flight
deck. However, complacency is harder to recognize than
fatigue, since everything is perceived to be progressing
smoothly. Highly reliable automation has been shown to
induce overconfidence and complacency. This can result
in a pilot following the instructions of the automation even
when common sense suggests otherwise. If the pilot assumes
the autopilot is doing its job, he or she does not crosscheck
the instruments or the aircraft’s position frequently. If the
autopilot fails, the pilot may not be mentally prepared to fly
the aircraft manually. Instructors should be especially alert to
complacency in students with significant flight experience.
For example, a pilot receiving a flight review in a familiar
aircraft may be prone to complacency.
Advanced avionics have created a high degree of redundancy
and dependability in modern aircraft systems, which can
promote complacency and inattention. During flight training,
the CFI should emphasize that routine flight operations may
lead to a sense of complacency, which can threaten flight
safety by reducing situational awareness.
By asking about positions of other aircraft in the traffic
pattern, engine instrument indications, and the aircraft’s
location in relation to references on a chart, the instructor can
determine if the student is maintaining situational awareness.
The instructor can also attempt to focus the student’s
attention on an imaginary problem with the communication
or navigation equipment. The instructor should point out
that situational awareness is not being maintained if the
student diverts too much attention away from other tasks,
such as controlling the aircraft or scanning for traffic. These
are simple exercises that can be done throughout flight
training, which help emphasize the importance of maintaining
situational awareness.
Operational Pitfalls
There are numerous classic behavioral traps that can
ensnare the unwary pilot. Pilots, particularly those with
considerable experience, try to complete a flight as planned,
please passengers, and meet schedules. This basic drive to
demonstrate achievements can have an adverse effect on
safety, and can impose an unrealistic assessment of piloting
skills under stressful conditions. These tendencies ultimately
may bring about practices that are dangerous and sometimes
illegal, and may lead to a mishap. Students develop awareness
and learn to avoid many of these operational pitfalls through
effective ADM training. The scenarios and examples provided
by instructors during ADM instruction should involve these
pitfalls. [Figure 9-7]
Single-Pilot Resource Management
(SRM)
Single pilot resource management (SRM) is defined as the art
and science of managing all the resources (both onboard the
aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot
(prior to and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome
of the flight. SRM includes the concepts of ADM, Risk
Management (RM), Task Management (TM), Automation
Management (AM), Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)
Awareness, and Situational Awareness (SA). SRM training
helps the pilot maintain situational awareness by managing
the automation and associated aircraft control and navigation
tasks. This enables the pilot to accurately assess and manage
risk and make accurate and timely decisions.
SRM is all about helping pilots learn how to gather
information, analyze it, and make decisions. Although the
flight is coordinated by a single person and not an onboard
flightcrew, the use of available resources such as air traffic
control (ATC) and automated flight service station (AFSS)
replicates the principles of CRM.
9-12
Operational Pitfalls
Peer Pressure
Poor decision-making may be based upon an emotional response to peers, rather than evaluating a situation objectively.
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(156)
