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Matching-type test items are either equal column or unequal column. An equal column test item has the same number of
alternatives in each column. When using this form, always provide for some items in the response column to be used more
than once, or not at all, to preclude guessing by elimination. Unequal column type test items have more alternatives in the
second column than in the first and are generally preferable to equal columns.
B-6
C-1
Figure C-1. This is a sample logbook endorsement for pre-solo
aeronautical knowledge.
NR
T/O
NR
NST.
APP.
I certify that (First name, MI, Last name) has satisfactorily
completed the presolo knowledge exam of §61.87(b) for the
(make and model aircraft). S/S [date] J.J. Jones 987654321
CFI Exp. 12-31-2007
REMARKS AND ENDORSEMENTS
Flight Instructor Endorsements
The authority and responsibility for flight instructors to
endorse initial student certificates, logbooks for solo and solo
cross-country, additional aircraft ratings, and flight privileges
are outlined in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(14 CFR) part 61. In addition, Advisory Circular (AC) 61-
65, Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors and Ground
Instructors, provides guidance for pilots, flight instructors,
ground instructors, and examiners on the certification
standards, knowledge test procedures, and other requirements
of 14 CFR part 61. By utilizing AC 61-65, the flight instructor
does not omit any required endorsement for the rating sought,
which ensures standardization. It is important for the flight
instructor to understand and use AC 61-65 in the certification
process.
Additionally, flight instructors are required to make an
endorsement in the student or applicant’s logbook or training
record whenever the flight instructor provides flight or ground
training. At a minimum this endorsement should include what
actions or instruction were completed and if any regulatory
requirements were met. Citing the appropriate portion of 14
CFR part 61 is also recommended.
Flight instructors also have the responsibility to make logbook
endorsements for pilots who are already certificated such as
sport, recreational, private, commercial, and instrument rated
pilots, as well as flight instructors. Typical endorsements
include but are not limited to flight reviews, instrument
proficiency checks, the additional training required for high
performance, high altitude, and tail wheel aircraft, and types
of glider launches.
Additional rating applicants (e.g., multiengine add-on,
seaplane add-on, glider add-on, helicopter add-on) are rated
pilots and not considered student pilots in accordance with
(IAW) 14 CFR part 61. Flight instructors must endorse the
applicant’s logbook prior to solo flight and prior to being
evaluated for that rating with an endorsement from AC 61-65
stating that the applicant is competent to act as the pilot in
command (PIC) of an aircraft in which he or she does not
hold a category or class rating.
The flight instructor may add additional requirements or
restrictions to the endorsement, such as an expiration date.
Practical test endorsements are addressed in AC 61-65. These
endorsements are regulatory and the pilot applicant must
comply with them.
Flight instructors are responsible for properly documenting
a student or applicant’s completion of prerequisites for a
practical test. Examples of all common endorsements can
be found in AC 61-65, Appendix C. (Further details about
the requirements for each respective endorsement can be
found in 14 CFR part 61.) These examples contain the
essential elements of each endorsement with the goal of
providing guidance and encouraging standardization among
instructors. The flight instructor may need to customize the
endorsement due to an applicant’s special circumstances or
changes in regulatory requirements, but it is recommended
all endorsements be worded as closely as possible to those
in AC 61-65. At a minimum, the flight instructor needs to
cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been
completed. [Figure C-1]
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspectors and
designated pilot examiners (DPEs) rely on flight instructor
recommendations for student or pilot applicant testing. These
recommendations are accepted as evidence of qualification
for certification and proof that a review of the subject areas
found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test has
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(169)
