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appears to cease or slow down for a significant period of time
before once again increasing.
Learning style. Preferred way(s) by which people learn.
Common learning styles include visual, auditory, and
kinesthetic, or tactile (hands on). Learning skills can be
loosely grouped into physical and cognitive styles.
Learning theory. A body of principles advocated by
psychologists and educators to explain how people acquire
skills, knowledge, and attitudes.
Lecture method. An educational presentation usually
delivered by an instructor to a group of students with the use
of instructional aids and training devices. Lectures are useful
for the presentation of new material, summarizing ideas, and
showing relationships between theory and practice.
Lesson plan. An organized outline for a single instructional
period. It is a necessary guide for the instructor in that it tells
what to do, in what order to do it, and what procedure to use
in teaching the material of a lesson.
Link. On a website, an external web location that can be
accessed by merely clicking on words identifying the new
site. They are usually identified by a different color type,
underlining, or a button (picture or icon) indicating access
to a new site.
Long-term memory. The portion of the brain that stores
information that has been determined to be of sufficient
value to be retained. In order for it to be retained in longterm
memory, it must have been processed or coded in the working
memory.
Matching-type test item. A test item in which the student is
asked to match alternatives on one list to related alternatives
on a second list. The lists may include words, terms,
illustrations, phrases, or sentences.
G-5
Memory. The ability of people and other organisms to
encode (initial perception and registration of information),
store (retention of encoded information over time), and
retrieve (processes involved in using stored information)
information.
Mock-up. A three-dimensional working model used in which
the actual object is either unavailable or too expensive to use.
Mock-ups may emphasize some elements while eliminating
nonessential elements.
Model. A copy of a real object which can be life-size, smaller,
or larger than the original.
Motivation. A need or desire that causes a person to act.
Motivation can be positive or negative, tangible or intangible,
subtle or obvious.
Multimedia. A combination of more than one instructional
medium. This format can include audio, text, graphics,
animations, and video. Recently, multimedia implies a
computer-based presentation.
Multiple-choice-type test item. A test item consisting of a
question or statement followed by a list of alternative answers
or responses.
Navigate. To move between websites on the internet.
Navigation is often accomplished by means of links or
connections between sites.
Norm-referenced testing. System of testing in which
students are ranked against the performance of other
students.
Objectivity. The singleness of scoring of a test; it does not
reflect the biases of the person grading the test.
Overhead question. In the guided discussion method, a
question directed to the entire group in order to stimulate
thought and discussion from the entire group. An overhead
question may be used by an instructor as the lead-off
question.
Perceptions. The basis of all learning, perceptions result
when a person gives meaning to external stimuli or
sensations. Meaning derived from perception is influenced
by an individual’s experience and many other factors.
Performance-based objectives. A statement of purpose for
a lesson or instructional period that includes three elements:
a description of the skill or behavior desired of the student, a
set of conditions under which the measurement will be taken,
and a set of criteria describing the standard used to measure
accomplishment of the objective.
Personal computer-based aviation training device
(PCATD). A device which uses software which can be
displayed on a personal computer to replicate the instrument
panel of an airplane. A PCATD must replicate a type of
airplane or family of airplanes and meet the virtual control
requirements specified in AC 61-126.
Personality. The embodiment of personal traits and
characteristics of an individual that are set at a very early
age and are extremely resistant to change.
Physical organism. A perception factor that describes a
person’s ability to sense the world around them.
Pilot error. Pilot action/inaction or decision/indecision
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Aviation Instructor's Handbook航空教员手册(187)
