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route to avoid weather problems.
To this end, some operational advice, based upon a general knowledge of the radar capabilities, is
given in this chapter.
GENERAL
The radar is nothing more than a precipitation detector. How much weather it detects depends
upon the raindrops, their size, composition and number.
The radar does not detect :
• clouds, fog or wind (too small droplets or no precipitation at all)
• clear air turbulence (no precipitation)
• windshear (no precipitation except in microburst)
• lightning.
The radar does detect :
• rainfall
• wet hail and wet turbulence
• ice crystals, dry hail and dry snow (above 30 000 ft) will only give small reflections.
A318/A319/A320/A321 FLIGHT CREW
OPERATING MANUAL
PROCEDURES
SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEDURES
NAVIGATION
A318/A319/A320/A321 FLEET PRO-SUP-34 P 4/28
FCOM 19 AUG 10
OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS
TILT, RANGE AND GAIN
The three things that the flight crew must understand in order to take full advantage of the
weather radar are :
antenna tilt, which causes the center of the radar beam to scan ‐ above or below the attitude
reference plane
‐ range control which, in coordination with tilt governs the range of the navigation display
‐ gain control, which adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver (and should normally be set to
AUTO). The sensitivity of the receiver may vary from one type of radar system to another.
COLOR CODE
A color code distinguishes areas according to their precipitation intensity :
‐ Black, for the lowest intensity (nothing appears on the ND)
‐ Green, amber, and red for progressively higher intensities.
‐ Magenta, for saturated areas, in the weather and turbulence mode (WX + T)
GROUND MAPPING AND GCS
Some radars have two additional modes :
‐ Ground mapping mode permits the radar to produce more returns from less reflective targets
on the ground. The associated color codes are : Black for standing water (no returns), green
for the ground, amber or red for cities and mountains (strong returns).
‐ Ground Clutter Suppression (GCS) erases up to 85 % of ground clutter return. The flight
crew should only use this mode at shallow tilt angles (0 to 5 °) and for short intervals, since
it may incorrectly identify stationary weather targets. Steep tilt angles can make it difficult to
distinguish between ground and weather targets.
OPERATIONAL USE
CAUTION Before selecting WX, WX/T or MAP mode on the control unit, make certain that :
‐ No one is within a distance less than 5 m from the antenna in movement, within
an arc of plus or minus 135 ° on either side of the aircraft centerline.
The aircraft is not directed towards any large ‐ metallic obstacle, such as a
hangar, which is within 5 m in an arc of plus or minus 90 ° on either side of the
aircraft centerline.
A318/A319/A320/A321 FLIGHT CREW
OPERATING MANUAL
PROCEDURES
SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEDURES
NAVIGATION
A318/A319/A320/A321 FLEET PRO-SUP-34 P 5/28
FCOM 19 AUG 10
DETECTION AND INTERPRETATION
General
1. The flight crew should monitor the weather at long range, as well as at shorter ranges,
in order to be able to efficiently plan course changes, and to avoid weather-defined blind
alleys and box canyons.
2. Ground returns usually appear smaller, sharper, more packed, better-defined, and more
angular than weather targets, whereas the latter usually appear larger, have less definite
shapes, and tend to remain relatively unchanged.
3. The line-of-sight distance to the horizon is :
D(NM) = 1,23 √ (aircraft altitude (feet)).
Red and magenta areas : thunderstorms, tornadoes, hail
The steeper the gradient of rainfall rate, the stronger the turbulence (magenta color) and the
possibility of hail.
• To use the radar effectively for avoiding thunderstorms, the flight crew should select the
following ranges on the NDs (if possible) :
‐ 160 nm on the Pilot Non-Flying (PNF) ND
‐ 80 nm on the Pilot Flying (PF) ND
• To avoid a large storm, the flight crew must make decisions while still 40 nm from it.
Therefore the flight crew should :
‐ Avoid magenta (WX+T mode) and red areas and fringes by at least 20 nm above the
FL 230 and by 5 to 10 nm below FL 230.
‐ Avoid single magenta areas of turbulence (not associated with heavy precipitation) by at
least 5 nm.
• Flight crew should readjust the tilt frequently in order to monitor storm development and to
get the best cell echo.
• Failure to tilt the antenna down periodically may cause a target to disappear.
A318/A319/A320/A321 FLIGHT CREW
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A320机组操作手册FLIGHT CREW OPERATING MANUAL 14(90)
