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part of a three-person flight crew is well illustrated
by the following report:
✍ “…I am relatively new at this position
as Second Officer…We had a tailwind which
precludes reduced power [for takeoff] in
this aircraft, but they [Captain and F/O]
didn’t notice and I was so rushed that I
didn’t back them up and notice. So we took
off with reduced power…We were just in
too big of a hurry to get everything down
and do it correctly.” (ACN 67122)
Issue Number 5 21
Doing Something Wrong,
Or Maybe Not At All
Human errors may be categorized as errors of
commission or omission. Errors of commission
are those in which pilots carried out some element
of their required tasks incorrectly, or executed
a task that was not required and which
produced an unexpected and undesirable result.
Errors of omission are those in which the
pilot neglected to carry out some element of a
required task.
Errors of Commission
Sixty percent of human hurry-up errors were
errors of commission. In the following example,
the flight crew erred in not adequately examining
the airport surface chart:
✍ “Takeoff was made from displaced
threshold instead of beginning of paved
runway. I feel some contributing factors
were: Not studying airport runway chart
closely enough to realize. We had an ATC
delay and were at the end of our takeoff
release time…” (ACN 96427)
Errors of Omission
In 38 percent of instances, pilots made errors of
omission. In the following report, the flight crew
neglected an important element of pre-flight
preparation — with annoying and unnecessary
results:
✍ “Got a pod smoke warning from central
annunciator in cruise enroute between Fresno
and Ontario…Diverted to BFL…no evidence
of fire…we found a placard, which showed
the pod smoke detection system as deferred
and inoperative…We were pressured to
hurry, and in the process, failed to check the
aircraft log prior to departure.” (ACN 129764)
What Led to the Error?
In each incident report, one or more contributory or causative
events promoted a Hurry-Up error on the part of one or more of
the flight crew. As noted in Table 1, high workload was cited in
80 percent of all incidents, while problems involving physical or
motivational states were next with 74 percent of incidents.
22 Issue Number 5
Various Schedule Pressures
FAA publication of on-time performance figures
air carriers leads to “keep-to-the-schedule” pressures
for flight crews and other company personnel.
Similarly, conducting quick turnarounds
(typically for economic reasons), can
also lead to schedule-pressures for pilots. In the
following narrative, the reporter attributes his
emergency to company schedule pressures:
✍ “Engine cowling became unlatched after
takeoff, oil pressure was lost and precautionary
shutdown was completed. Emergency
was declared. Uneventful landing and taxi to
gate…My company is very concerned with
on-time departures, however, they do not
give enough time in scheduling to turn the
aircraft [around] safely…everyone involved
was rushed.” (ACN 147822)
ATC may contribute to the “hurry-up” mindset
by requesting an expedited taxi or an intersection
departure, by issuing a “clearance invalid if
not off by…,” or other time-sensitive requirements.
(Of course, ATC personnel are similarly
under pressure to maximize traffic flow.) In this
example, the flight crew clearly felt pressured
by ATC:
✍ “Our inbound aircraft was late arriving
and upon receipt of our ATC clearance for our
outbound leg, we were informed we had an
xx:xx wheels-up time. Needless to say, we
were rushed…about 100 yards before reaching
the end of the runway we were cleared for
takeoff on Runway 12…I taxied onto what I
thought was 12R, but what was actually
Runway 17.” (ACN 102290)
Hurry-Up Syndrome
The End Result
What types of incidents result from hurry-up errors? Deviations
from Federal Aviation Regulations and/or ATC clearances are
most common, while deviation from Company Policy or Procedure
was next. As indicated in Table 2, the remainder of incident
results comprise a fairly broad spectrum of problems.
Issue Number 5 23
Predicting and Avoiding Hurry-Up Errors
Hurry-Up errors appear most likely to occur in high workload
operational phases, specifically in pre-flight and taxi-out. External
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