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delay the flight until qualified
assistance can be found to ensure
normal operation.
• Instructors may want to establish
specific radio usage procedures to
ensure that volume levels for ATC
communications are louder than
intercom volume levels, and that
radio equipment is operating
normally with periodic equipment
tests (i.e., “radio checks”).
• To enable quick recognition of
external communications problems
(i.e., stuck mike or volume level
misset), an instructor may minimize
intracockpit communications,
especially at controlled airports
during pattern operations.
Situation
A large majority of all incidents
involved non-compliance with ATC
clearances, or other ATC-related
infractions and violations.
Suggestion
• In order to advise ATC and other
aircraft of the instructional nature
of a flight, the word “trainer” (e.g.,
Cessna trainer 54321) may be
added to flight plans and radio
broadcasts. The use of “trainer” can
also serve as an attention cue that
helps guard against missed clearances
and readbacks. ATC already
employs enhanced callsigns with
suffixes such as /R (RNAV) and /H
(Heavy). _
22 Issue Number 10
References
Drew, Charles, A. Scott, and R.
Matchette. 1993. Delayed Pilot Recognition
of Lost Communications
Events. In Proceedings of the Seventh
International OSU Aviation Psychology
Symposium, 318-323. Columbus,
Ohio: The Ohio State University.
Morrison, Rowena, K. Etem, and B.
Hicks. 1993. General Aviation Landing
Incidents and Accidents: A Review of
ASRS and AOPA Research Findings. In
Proceedings of the Seventh International
OSU Aviation Psychology
Symposium, 975-980. Columbus,
Ohio: The Ohio State University.
The 1996 Nall Report: Accident Trends
and Factors for 1995. 1996. AOPA Air
Safety Foundation.
Orasanu, Judith. 1995. Situation
Awareness: Its Role in Flight Crew
Decision Making. In Proceedings of
the Eighth International OSU Aviation
Psychology Symposium, 734-739.
Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State
University.
Prince, Carolyn and R. Stout. 1995.
Situation Awareness From the Team
Perspective. In Proceedings of the
Eighth International OSU Aviation
Psychology Symposium, 740-744.
Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State
University.
End Notes
1 ASRS research on General Aviation
issues largely has been confined to
weather-related topics, such as
single-pilot IFR; pilot judgment
issues; and flight phase-specific
problems such as landing incidents.
2 For the purposes of this study, dual
instruction is considered primary or
advanced flight training that
involves a student or rated pilot
who actively handles the aircraft
controls (usually from the left seat
of the aircraft, except in tandem
configurations), and a certified
flight instructor who observes the
trainee’s actions (usually from the
right seat of the aircraft) and has
the capability of intervening in
control and communications
actions.
3 The 1996 Nall Report: Accident
Trends and Factors for 1995, AOPA
Air Safety Foundation, 1996, 21.
4 Carolyn Prince and Renee Stout.
“Situation Awareness From the
Team Perspective.” In Proceedings of
the Eighth International OSU Aviation
Psychology Symposium, Columbus,
Ohio: OSU, 1995, 744.
5 There were a total of 300 airspace
citations for the 200 incident
reports in the data set.
6 There were a total of 356 flight
phase citations for the 200 incident
reports in the data set.
7 To provide a context for this study
finding, we searched for statistics on
the numbers of total GA ground
operations that occur daily and/or
annually in the U.S. We discovered
that the Boeing Company has done
a study for insurance purposes of
the amount of time an air carrier
aircraft spends on the ground in
maintenance. However, we were
unable to find comparable data on
the numbers of GA ground operations
for any time period.
8 192 out of 200 reports (96 percent)
described one or more communications
anomalies that occurred
within the cockpit during flight (as
opposed to preflight, or posttiedown,
communications anomalies).
Issue Number 10 23
ASRS Services
on the INTERNET
*Definitions
1 Hit: An action on a web
server, such as when a
user views a page or
downloads a file.
2 User Session: A session
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