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or impedes proper scanning. Although I
constantly remind myself to get my head
out of the cockpit on these flights, there
are lapses…I must be looking out so often
for traffic that I am unable to evaluate a
student’s approach at all.” (# 148597)
Did You Hear Something?
Distraction was also cited as a contributing
factor to gear-up and near
gear-up landings. Gear-up landings occurred
in 8 percent of the reported incidents.
Although this is a small percentage
of reports, it probably
accounts for a very large cash outlay
for repairs. Many reporters indicated
that they were so involved in the instructional
situation that they missed
the gear check on their pre-landing
checklist, and often didn’t even hear a
gear warning-horn.
✍ “The second day of training for the
trainee…with numerous approaches, both
2 engine and single engine. The last
approach was a single engine, flapless
approach…to simulate a flap problem.
The approach was broken off and the
circling maneuver was commenced.
Airspeed dropped and this was brought to
the attention of the trainee…so gear was
retracted to clean up the aircraft. When
the gear was retracted, the gear warning
horn went off because of the simulated
single engine condition of the power lever
(retarded). The gear warning horn was
canceled and the circling continued. As
we were getting re-established, it seems
that at some point [the trainee] called for
final checks, but I don’t know when
because my attention was primarily on
circling, checking for traffic, proper radio
procedures, and problems inherent in the
maneuver…I missed reselecting the gear
down. When the L power lever was
retarded for landing, the gear warning
horn did not go off (was not heard at all)
again to warn of an impending gear up
landing.” (# 145537)
Issue Number 7 11
Fatigue
Fatigue was mentioned specifically
in the three reports of night training
incidents, and alluded to in many others.
Tired pilots may be unable to divide
their attention adequately among
many cockpit tasks. They may ignore
standard procedures, or, as in the following
report, forget some basic operating
limitations. This reporter apparently
was well aware of his aircraft’s
gear warning-horn system, but the details
slipped his mind in the wee
hours:
✍ “The student, a First Officer in upgrade
training, was instructed to
execute…a simulated single engine, no
flap approach and landing. All items on
the checklist were done except for the gear
down call, which was delayed until landing
assured. The student and I forgot to
call for gear down and to verify it…The
above events occurred in the early A.M.
during training (mostly emergency situations).
Both crew members had been
awake since the morning the previous
day…for 20 hours” (# 180849)
Another pair of reports from an instructor
and trainee regarding their
near gear-up landing reiterate the hazards
of late night or early morning
training flights.
✍ “A definite contributing factor…was
fatigue. Due to the unavailability of aircraft,
all flight training had to take place at
night. I got home the night before at 4 A.M.
and the night before that at 3 A.M.”
(# 182635)
✍ “The company is not using flight
simulators any longer, I assume to save
money. It was late at night because there
are not any aircraft available during the
day because all the aircraft are in revenue
service.” (# 181978)
The company certainly did not save
any money on the repairs or replacement
of two bent props, not to mention
the loss of revenue associated
with aircraft down-time!
Expectation
Inappropriate or unrealistic expectations,
sometimes referred to as complacency,
were cited in 50 percent of
the reports. In retrospect, many instructors
realized that they had been
too relaxed about operations on a
well-known airport or route. Non-adherence
to clearances, including runway
and taxiway transgressions, and
unauthorized entry into controlled
airspace, were often the result of an
instructor’s unfulfilled expectations.
One instructor expected too much of
the student’s command of English:
✍ “My [foreign] student…had
been training here for 3 months,
30 hours. I assumed he was
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