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vulnerable because the monitoring
pilot’s eyes are diverted from other
tasks. Also, activities such as programming,
doing paperwork, or reviewing
approach plates, demand such high
levels of attention that attempting to
perform these tasks simultaneously
with other tasks substantially increases
the risk of error in one task or the
other (see sidebar). Some FMC entries
involving one or two keystrokes can
be performed quickly and may be
interleaved with other cockpit tasks.
However, attempting to perform
longer programming tasks, such as
adding waypoints or inserting approaches
during busy segments of
flight, can be problematic. It is not
possible for the Pilot Not Flying to
reliably monitor the Pilot Flying or the
aircraft status during longer programming
tasks, and it is difficult to suspend
the programming in midstream
without losing one’s place.
Category 3
Searching for VMC Traffic
- "PRADO 5 Departure. Cleared to
climb (and) received TCASII TA (which)
upgraded to an RA, monitor vertical
speed. While searching for the traffic we
went past the NIKKL intersection...for the
turn to the TRM transition. We had discussed
the departure before takeoff; special
procedures, combined with many step
climb altitudes in a short/time/distance,
made this a more demanding departure
than most. Next time on difficult departures
I will use autopilot sooner...will try
to be more vigilant in dense traffic areas."
(# 403598)
In 16 incidents crews failed to turn
as directed by ATC on the SID or STAR
they were following. The crews reported
various activities competing for
their attention; in three cases the
activity was searching for traffic called
out by ATC or TCAS. Altogether, crews
reported searching for traffic as a
competing activity in 11 of the 107
incidents. Searching for traffic takes
the pilot’s eyes away from monitoring
aircraft position and status, and also
demands substantial mental attention.
If the conflict is close the urgency may
further narrow the focus of attention.
One of the insidious traps of interruptions
is that their effects sometimes
linger after the interruption. For
example, descending through 4500
feet, a crew might be instructed to
report passing through 3000 feet.
They might then respond to and
quickly resolve a traffic alert, but
forget the instruction to report by the
time they reach 3000 feet. In this
hypothetical example, searching for
traffic preempts the reporting instruction
from the crew’s conscious awareness.
The instruction presumably is
still stored in memory in an inactive
form, and if reminded, the crew
probably will recognize that they were
given the instruction. However,
lacking such a reminder and being
preoccupied with other activities, they
do not remember to contact ATC as
they pass through 3000 feet.
Category 4
Responding to Abnormal Situations
- "Large areas of thunderstorms; we
had to deviate considerably. Several
(equipment malfunctions) in short
period...then cabin pressure started climbing
slowly in cruise (FL290).
Troubleshooting...to no avail. Requested
immediate descent. Descending through
FL180, both crew members forgot to reset
altimeters, putting us 300 feet low at
FL130. To prevent this from occurring
again during any abnormal, I will: 1) delegate
tasks; have one person focus on flyexample,
if we intend to take
a different route home from
work, we are prone to miss
our turnoff and continue our
habitual route if we do not
consciously supervise our
driving. Also, if we encounter
a section of road that is difficult
to navigate, we find that
we cannot continue the conversation
without risking errors
in the driving, the conversation,
or both. This is because
the automatic processes
are not adequate to
handle the unpredictable aspects
of the driving task.
Conscious control is required
in four situations: i)
when the task is novel, ii)
when the task is perceived to
be critical, difficult, or dangerous,
iii) when an automatic
process must be overridden
to prevent habit capture,
or iv) to choose among
competing activities. The required
mixture of automatic
and conscious processing
varies among tasks, and the
mixture may vary with the
moment to moment demands
of a given task. Conversation,
for example, generally
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