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How do General Aviation
flight instructors learn
about CRM? A good
starting point is the FAA
Advisory Circular AC120-
51A, “Crew Resource
Management Training,”
available free by writing to
the U.S. Department of
Transportation, General
Services Section, M-443.2,
Washington, DC 20590. ■
14 Issue Number 7
Conclusions and
Recommendations
Flight instruction problems exist in
all levels of flying, from beginning instruction
through air carrier recurrent
training.
▲ Training situations involving advanced
students may be more conducive
to instructional incidents
than ab-initio (beginning) flight
training, due to the instructor having
unwarranted expectations
about an advanced trainee’s capabilities
and performance. Instructors
involved in providing training
to advanced students should remember
to maintain vigilance.
▲ ASRS flight instruction incident reports
and other published incident
and accident data support the conclusion
that approach and landing
phases of flight are when a large
portion of aircraft accidents occur.
Instructors should minimize unnecessary
conversation throughout
the flight lesson, and maintain a
sterile cockpit (i.e., eliminate nonessential
dialog) during approach
and landing.
▲ Some of the problems associated
with distraction due to cockpit chat
can be eliminated by the instructor
conducting a thorough pre-procedure
briefing with the trainee prior
to the flight, then by adhering to
the planned procedure as much as
possible. This will help minimize
conversation, especially during the
critical phase of approach and
landing. Another strategy some instructors
employ is to have another
trainee along to act as an observer
during instrument training flights.
The observer can maintain a nearly
full-time scan outside the aircraft,
and still listen and learn from the
training experience. Although the
instructor is not relieved of the responsibility
for collision avoidance,
the extra pair of eyes can allow the
instructor to spend more time
monitoring student performance.
▲ It is difficult for most people to
properly determine their level of
fatigue, let alone their level of
impairment due to fatigue. Watch
out for uncomfortably long duty
days, or periods of duty with little
or no intervening sleep—these are
precursors to fatigue-related errors.
Remember that in addition to
appropriate duty-time restrictions
and adequate rest, pilots (and
everyone else) require adequate
and proper nourishment to perform
at required levels (and, no
that doesn’t mean coffee and a
doughnut for breakfast, with
selected items from the four major
junk food groups for lunch and
dinner, either).
▲ Sometimes, in their zeal, instructors
try too hard to coach an overwhelmed
or fatigued student just a
little bit too far. Sometimes, it is
safest and wisest course just to say,
“I’ve got the airplane. Let’s call it a
day.”
▲ Apply Crew Resource Management
concepts and skills. General aviation
instructors should include
these decision-making and communication
skills as part of basic student
instruction, and reinforce
them throughout advanced or upgrade
training. (See the sidebar on
General Aviation Instructors and
CRM.) Air carrier and commuter
instructors and check airmen
should recognize that the decisionmaking
and crew-coordination skills
are even more important during
training and check-rides, when role
delegation is not routine, e.g., a line
captain is acting as a first officer.
▲ Know your aircraft. Instructors
should decline to provide instruction
in an aircraft unless they are
thoroughly trained and current in
that make and model. A training
session for the student should not
be an initial or recurrent training
session for the instructor. _
Issue Number 7 15
“Prior to reaching NANCI Intersection…we were bombarded with multi-colored laser
beams coming from atop the Pan Am building. This continued until we were out of the
area that the laser beams were being aimed. After turning final for runway 13, the laser
beams again struck our aircraft and continued to do so until we were out of their line of
sight. It appears that good sense operation of laser beams is out of hand. The damage to
one’s eyes, not to mention loss of night vision, can contribute to an accident.” (# 89425)
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