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(30 percent of citations).8 Delayed or
withheld communications by instructors
were the next most frequent
instructor anomaly (16 percent of
citations), and a leading cause of
delayed or inappropriate actions on
the part of trainees. It is a common
technique of flight instructors to allow
the trainee to make mistakes in an
attempt to develop independent
actions and observe the trainee’s level
of awareness. However, especially
during IFR operations, or when compliance
with an ATC directive is
doubtful, corrective verbal comments
by the instructor have a significant
impact on flight safety.
Regardless of the type of communications
anomaly displayed by instructors,
the effect on trainees most often
was a delayed or inappropriate verbal
or control response (39 percent of
citations). Several reports indicated a
lack of assertiveness on the trainee’s
part, and a failure to challenge the
instructor even when the trainee
believed the instruction was wrong.
The following study report excerpt
exemplifies how confusing and vague
communication by both instructor
and trainee can result in a safety
incident:
- “Instructor said...‘Uh, you can have
control if you, uh, want it.’ I probably replied
‘OK’ rather than the usual ‘I have
control.’ I began to pull the nose up
slowly when I thought I felt my instructor
push forward on the wheel [and]
relaxed...Nosewheel touched down first
and we bounced...Fortunately we walked
away...with an undamaged aircraft.
‘Wishy washy’ coms played a major role
in this.” (# 240165)
Communications Equipment Factors
We expected that a number of reports
in the study set would describe problems
with onboard communications
equipment that contributed to incidents.
One in five reports (21 percent)
did identify such problems. The most
frequently reported problems involved
malfunctioning or improperly operated
headsets, microphones, and
installed radios. The following
instructor’s report illustrates both a
pilot-induced headset problem, and a
preoccupation with training that led
to complete lack of situational awareness:
- “We had started flying using headsets,
with the radios being monitored
through the headsets. After the first landing
the student stated he would prefer to
continue without the headsets as he
didn’t feel comfortable wearing them. I
said OK. We got involved in doing touch
and goes (5) and I failed to notice that we
had not heard from Tower during this
time. When I did notice that the speaker
button was not in the proper position, I
made contact with the Tower. They
(Tower) terminated the flight and I was
instructed to call the Tower.” (# 290210)
Figure 4 — Cockpit Communications Anomalies
Top 3 Combinations of Communications Anomalies
• Instructor made confusing or misleading statements
and trainee delayed action or acted inappropriately.
• Instructor heard but misinterpreted intra-cockpit coms
and trainee delayed action or acted inappropriately.
• Instructor withheld or delayed comment
and trainee delayed action or acted inappropriately.
20 Issue Number 10
Operational Factors
In addition to our analysis of cockpit
communications anomalies, we
examined the types of operational
factors that were present during dual
flight training, and identified the
leading combinations of factors
associated with incident occurrence.
We found that instructor critiques
during ongoing maneuvers were the
most frequent operational pattern (27
percent of citations), closely followed
by maneuvers during ongoing communications
with Tower (26 percent),
and instructor critiques during ongoing
Tower communications (20 percent
of citations). The following
description of a wrong-runway takeoff
illustrates how an instructor’s perception
of task priority may have been
distorted by the desire to critique the
student:
- “We took off on [Runway] 24 instead
of 30, as the Tower subsequently informed
us. As I reviewed the event later,
with my student and in my own mind, I
realized how I may have added to the uncertainty.
I was busy pointing out airport
markings and critiquing the flight to this
point. The priority should have been communications
with the Tower and standard
procedure.” (# 137322)
Event Consequences
More than three-fourths of all the GA
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