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the company. They also have the
potential for huge economic impact in
cases of aircraft damage or personal
injury. There is the additional potential
for emotional impact—on instructors,
in FAA investigatory follow-up,
or loss of credibility or reputation; and
on students, in fear, loss of confidence
in their instructors, or more importantly,
loss of confidence in themselves.
Why do some of these incidents
happen? What human factors and
human behaviors contribute to
instructional incidents? How can
instructors avoid the mistakes made
by some of their unwary colleagues?
To answer these questions, we
searched the Aviation Safety Reporting
System (ASRS) database for a representative
sample of incidents that occurred
during instructional or checkride
flights. This article reviews only
records in which the action or task of
instructing appeared to contribute
directly to the incident, and the
aircraft involved was generally
“healthy”, i.e., without mechanical
problems. The data set includes 78
records from 1988-1993, including all
sectors of civil aviation, i.e., general
aviation (GA), air taxi and commuter,
and air carrier.
A Student By Any Other Name
More than half of the “students”
involved in the reported incidents
were undergoing advanced training
(e.g., instrument, complex aircraft,
commercial, multi-engine, flight
instructor, etc.). These included
company pilots undergoing initial
operating experience (IOE) and upgrade
training in new aircraft. Only 10
percent of the reports referred specifically
to instruction of student pilots.
Instructors indicated that they were
quite vigilant with their student pilots,
but tended to relax with their advanced
students due to higher expectations
about the advanced students’
abilities to perform various tasks or
maneuvers. This was especially so in
the case of air taxi or air carrier instructors
doing upgrade training with
company pilots.
Training Environment
Most incidents (89 percent) occurred
in VMC weather where most GA flight
training would be expected to take
place. Only three incidents are known
to have occurred at night—these were
commuter training operations. Half of
the incidents occurred in the typically
high-density traffic area of Class D
airspace, where the pilots were in
contact with ATC. More than half of the
incidents occurred during the approach
and landing phase, which involves
numerous and varied tasks, requiring
maximum attention to detail inside the
aircraft and maximum vigilance outside.
10 Issue Number 7
Distraction
Looking Out
Distraction due to some aspect of
instructional activity was cited as a
contributing factor in 80 percent of
the incident reports, and appeared to
be a major cause of near mid-air collisions
(NMACs), the most commonly
reported incident by a margin of more
than 2-to-1. These incidents reflected
an apparent breakdown in the practice
of basic “see and avoid” principles. In
the following case, conversation was
the culprit in distracting the instructor
from his usually-thorough scan:
✍ “As my student and I were returning
after a training flight…we reported downwind
abeam and were cleared to land following
the SMA downwind ahead. At this
point I got heavily involved in talking my
student through the steps to be followed
during the approach, and after looking for
the traffic and not seeing it, I wrongly assumed
it was already on the ground…A
couple of moments later I observed the
other SMA take evasive action…Contributing
factors to this incident…are: my
lack of concentration on looking and positively
identifying our traffic before landing
(as I routinely do) due to the heavy
‘question and answer’ situation that my
student involved me in. After this incident,
I have made it a very clear point to
all my students to minimize the pilot-topilot
chat during operation in the traffic
pattern.” (# 124564)
Looking In
Another often-cited source of distraction
was the need to be focusing
inside the aircraft instead of outside
the aircraft:
✍ “…I noticed the shadow of an airplane
headed towards us. We had heard
no traffic in the vicinity [of this uncontrolled
airport]. Giving flight instruction
to a student under the hood prevents and/
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