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incidents that occurred during GA
dual instruction, with the following
specific objectives:
• To identify the airspace, location,
and operational context in which
GA dual instruction communications
incidents occurred (external
factors);
• To determine the nature of problematic
communications interactions
that occurred (or did not
occur) in the cockpit between
instructor and trainee (internal
factors);
• To identify contributing communications
equipment and operational
factors;
Arecent survey of the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database
on incidents involving General Aviation (GA) aircraft revealed that one
third of the GA incidents were associated with communications difficulties.
These problems included failure to comply with ATC clearances, communications
equipment malfunctions, and poor radio technique. The results
of this survey suggested to our research team that GA communications issues
were an appropriate topic for further ASRS research. We were also aware that
past ASRS research has not focused on this subject.1
Issue Number 10 17
Findings and Discussion
External Factors
Environment for GA Communications
Incident Occurrences
A strong pattern emerged from our
analysis of the environment in which
dual instruction communicationsrelated
incidents occurred: Half or
more of the incidents occurred within
the airport environs and airspace,
within 10 nautical miles of the airport,
at altitudes less than 1,000 feet.
As depicted in Figure 1, almost half
of the dual instruction events occurred
in Class D airspace, with Class E
airspace next in the number of occurrences.
5 This concentration of incidents
within Class D airspace was not
surprising, as both primary and more
advanced types of instruction are
airport-centered: primary instruction
involves recurrent landing practice
and pattern work, while more advanced
flight instruction often involves
approaches to an airport or
related navigational aid, and takeoff/
landing practice. In slightly over half
of all events, the incident also occurred
within a 10-nautical mile range
of the airport (Figure 2) and at altitudes
less than 1,000 feet AGL (Figure 3).
Consistent with the numbers of
incidents in the study set that occurred
on or near airports, and at low
altitudes, communications-related
incidents were most prevalent during
the approach/descent phases (167
citations, 47 percent) and landing
phase (103 citations, 29 percent) of
flight.6 The concentration of incidents
in these flight phases is doubtless due
to the fact that more approaches and
landings are performed in dual instruction
than in other types of GA
operations.
Properties of
ASRS Data
ASRS data have certain
limitations. Reporters to
ASRS may introduce biases
that result from a greater
tendency to report serious
events than minor ones;
from organizational and
geographic influences; and
from many other factors. All
of these potential influences
reduce the confidence that
can be attached to statistical
findings based on ASRS
data. However, the proportions
of consistently
reported incidents to ASRS,
such as altitude deviations,
have been remarkably
stable over many years.
Therefore, users of ASRS
data may presume that
incident reports drawn
from a time interval of
several or more years will
reflect patterns that are
broadly representative of
the total universe of
aviation safety incidents of
that type. _
• To suggest strategies for improving
communications management
during GA dual flight instruction.
This research effort was limited to
ASRS incidents involving powered
aircraft with a maximum gross takeoff
weight less than or equal to 14,500
pounds. Incident reports selected for
the study had to directly reference the
presence of a flight instructor onboard
who was actively conducting dual
flight instruction or a flight review.
Although we had no means of
identifying database reports in which
communications (or the lack thereof)
between instructor and trainee contributed
to an incident but were not
reported, it was possible to retrieve
reports in which communications
factors were explicitly referenced as a
contributing factor. Therefore a
further requirement was that reports
selected for the study contain specific
references to verbal interactions
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