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is applicable and beneficial to their operations as well.
Articles contained in Directline are based on ASRS reports containing issues identified as significant
by ASRS analysts. Distribution is directed to managers and management personnel, safety officers,
and training and publications departments. Because our job and our interest is aviation safety, we
encourage editorial use, reproduction, and distribution of Directline articles — we merely ask that you
give credit to the ASRS and to the authors, and if possible, that you send us a copy of your publication
so we have the satisfaction of seeing how our products are put to use.
Here are the articles in this third issue of ASRS Directline.
The Visual Trap (Perry Thomas) .............................................................................................. Page 4
Reports received at the ASRS frequently detail the problems encountered by pilots when flying a
visual approach. Review of ASRS report narratives provides a high degree of insight into causal and
contributing factors. Perry Thomas has some good “heads-up” suggestions for avoiding the hazards
of “The Visual Trap.”
The One That Got Away (Robert Petersen) .............................................................................. Page 8
Some ASRS reports detail seemingly bizarre events, but close examination suggests that any one
of us could find ourselves in a similar situation.
Great Expectations (Jeanne McElhatton) .............................................................................. Page 10
In the period following the Avianca accident in January of 1989, we have seen a dramatic rise in the
number of reports that describe the confusion and concern in minimum fuel situations. Jeanne
McElhatton examines the “Great Expectations” of flight crews when they declare “minimum fuel,”
and provides suggestions for pilots and controllers alike.
Hold Short (William P. Monan) ............................................................................................... Page 14
Runway Incursion, Runway Transgression, Unauthorized Taxi — these are some of the terms used
to describe “on-the-ground” incidents. As traffic volume grows, there is a greater potential for ground
accidents and conflicts. This article closely examines the hazards of “Hold short of Runway”
instructions.
Taxi ! (Robert Sumwalt) .......................................................................................................... Page 21
A companion article to “Hold Short,” this article provides some sure-fire suggestions for avoiding the
pitfalls of taxi operations. Perhaps you would like to make these ideas part of your S.O.P.
To make suggestions for future issues, or just to tell us what you think about this safety newsletter, fill out
and send in the Comments sheet at the end of this newsletter. We look forward to hearing from you.
— Charles Drew, ASRS Directline Editor
ASRS Directline
4 Summer 1992 ASRS Directline
It is an anomaly that most air carrier companies
do not allow their flight crews to cancel their
IFR flight plan or fly on a VFR flight plan,
but do allow their flight crews to accept
the visual approach. In accepting a
visual approach, the pilot rejects
the historic and hallowed protection
of the air traffic control
system and assumes
the responsibility to
“see and avoid”
other traffic.
The controller statement “You are cleared for
the visual approach” is a welcome pronouncement
for flight crews. There is an anticipated
lessening of the workload, a quicker and more
relaxed end to the flight. Yet many of the
reports received at the ASRS detail unexpected
and unwanted occurrences for pilots flying the
visual approach,” — such as the following
wrong airport landing incident.
“The weather was scattered clouds, thirteen
miles visibility. [The] First Officer was the
pilot flying, and I was operating the radios.
“We were being vectored by Approach Control
to the airport … I was inside [the cockpit]
tuning the radios when Approach asked if we
had the airport in sight. I looked up and out
the window and saw … the airport slightly to
our left. I asked [the] First Officer if he saw it
and he said ‘Yes.’ I told Approach we had the
airport in sight, and they cleared us for the
visual….
“Our position was such that we had to
immediately configure for approach [and]
landing. Our focus from that point was
outside the cockpit. We … were switched over
to the Tower and cleared to land. We heard no
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