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4.4.5 Although the gate-to-gate phase is affected by a multitude of variables including
congestion (queuing at take-off and airborne holdings in terminal area), aircraft operators
flight planning processes, wind and flow management measures applied by ANS, the
level of variability at system level is small and relatively stable compared to the departure
time variability.
4.4.6 It should however be noted that the level of variability in the taxi-out phase and the level
of airborne holdings in the terminal area can differ significantly between airports.
4.4.7 The main driver of arrival time variability is clearly departure delay induced at the
various origin airports which is consistent with Figure 41 which shows a high correlation
between departure delays (green line) and arrival delays (grey bars).
4.4.8 Departure-time variability, and hence arrival-time variability increased between 2003 and
2006 but showed a strong improvement between 2007 and 2009 which reflects the
significant decrease in departure delay due to the reduction in air traffic starting in 2008.
4.4.9 ANS contributes to departure time variability through ANS-related departure holdings
(mainly ATFM delays) and subsequent reactionary delays on the following flight legs.
4.5 Drivers of departure delays
4.5.1 This section provides a more detailed
analysis of the drivers of departure delays in
Europe which were identified as the main
source of variability in the European air
transport network (see Figure 43).
4.5.2 The analysis in Figure 44 is based on data
reported voluntarily to the Central Office for
Delay Analysis (CODA) by airlines.
Central Office for Delay Analysis (CODA)
In Europe, CODA collects data from airlines each
month. The data collection started in 2002 and the
reporting is voluntarily.
Currently, the CODA coverage is approximately
60% of scheduled flights. The data reported
include OOOI data (Gate Out, Wheels Off, Wheels
On, and Gate In), schedule information and causes
of delay, according to the IATA delay coding
system. The reported delays refer to the scheduled
departure times.
PRR 2009 Chapter 4: Air Transport Network Performance
35
4.5.3 The departure delay codes are grouped into the following main categories:
Turn around related delays (non-ATFCM): are primary delays caused by airlines
(technical, boarding, etc.), airports (equipment, etc.) or other parties such as ground
handlers involved in the turn around process.
ANS-related delays: are primary delays resulting from an imbalance between demand
and available capacity. The analysis in Figure 44 distinguishes between airport
(IATA code 83), en-route (IATA codes 81, 82), and weather10 related ATFCM delays
(IATA code 84) and ANS-related delays at the departure airport (IATA Code 89) (see
also Chapter 6).
Weather related delays (non-ATFCM): This group contains delays due to
unfavourable weather conditions including delays due to snow removal or de-icing.
Weather related delays handled by ANS are not included (see previous category).
Reactionary delays are secondary delays caused by primary delays on earlier flight
legs which cannot be absorbed during the turn-around phase at the airport.
4.5.4 Almost half of the departure delay reported to CODA is reactionary delays from previous
flight legs (see left side of Figure 44). Reactionary delay is analysed in more detail in a
later section of this chapter.
4.5.5 The distribution of primary delays in the middle of Figure 44 shows that by far the largest
share of departure delays ( 70%) originates from areas not handled by ANS (i.e. turnaround,
etc.). In 2009, ANS-related delays (including weather related delays handled by
ANS) accounted for some 25% of total departure delays, compared to 28% in 2008.
4.5.6 Due to the unprecedented drop in traffic, the planned capacity exceeded the actual
demand by far in 2009. The resulting spare capacity in most areas (airlines, airports,
ATC) translated into better turn-around performance (airlines, airports, security, etc.), a
reduction of ATFCM en-route delays and resulting positive effects for the network.
10% 13% 10%
4%
4%
4%
3% 3%
2%
7%
8%
9%
6%
5%
5%
5%
6% 9%
3%
5% 3% 6%
5%
56%
50%
4%
53%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2007
2008
2009
ATFCM (En-route) ATFCM (Weather) ATFCM (Airport)
ANS (Dep. Airport) Airport Weather (non ATFCM)
Misc. Security & Immigrations Airline
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