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Requirements:
1. Pilot Certification. No specific certification
required.
2. Equipment. Unless otherwise authorized
by ATC, an operable two-way radio is required.
3. Arrival or Through Flight Entry
Requirements. Two-way radio communication
must be established with the ATC facility providing
ATC services prior to entry and thereafter maintain
those communications while in the Class D airspace.
Pilots of arriving aircraft should contact the control
tower on the publicized frequency and give their
position, altitude, destination, and any request(s).
Radio contact should be initiated far enough from the
ClassD airspace boundary to preclude entering the
Class D airspace before two-way radio communications
are established.
NOTE-
1. If the controller responds to a radio call with, “[aircraft
callsign] standby,” radio communications have been
established and the pilot can enter the Class D airspace.
2. If workload or traffic conditions prevent immediate
entry into Class D airspace, the controller will inform the
pilot to remain outside the Class D airspace until
conditions permit entry.
EXAMPLE-
1. “[Aircraft callsign] remain outside the Class Delta
airspace and standby.”
It is important to understand that if the controller responds
to the initial radio call without using the aircraft callsign,
radio communications have not been established and the
pilot may not enter the Class D airspace.
2. “Aircraft calling Manassas tower standby.”
At those airports where the control tower does not operate
24 hours a day, the operating hours of the tower will be
listed on the appropriate charts and in the A/FD. During
the hours the tower is not in operation, the Class E surface
area rules or a combination of Class E rules to 700 feet
above ground level and Class G rules to the surface will
become applicable. Check the A/FD for specifics.
4. Departures from:
(a) A primary or satellite airport with an
operating control tower. Two‐way radio communications
must be established and maintained with the
control tower, and thereafter as instructed by ATC
while operating in the Class D airspace.
(b) A satellite airport without an operating
control tower. Two‐way radio communications must
be established as soon as practicable after departing
with the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the
Class D airspace as soon as practicable after
departing.
5. Aircraft Speed. Unless otherwise authorized
or required by ATC, no person may operate an
aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface
within 4 nautical miles of the primary airport of a
Class D airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more
than 200 knots (230 mph).
c. Class D airspace areas are depicted on Sectional
and Terminal charts with blue segmented lines, and
on IFR En Route Lows with a boxed [D].
d. Arrival extensions for instrument approach
procedures may be Class D or Class E airspace. As a
general rule, if all extensions are 2 miles or less, they
remain part of the Class D surface area. However, if
any one extension is greater than 2 miles, then all
extensions become Class E.
e. Separation for VFR Aircraft. No separation
services are provided to VFR aircraft.
2/14/08 AIM
Controlled Airspace 3-2-9
3-2-6. Class E Airspace
a. Definition. Generally, if the airspace is not
ClassA, Class B, Class C, or Class D, and it is
controlled airspace, it is Class E airspace.
b. Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment
Requirements:
1. Pilot Certification. No specific certification
required.
2. Equipment. No specific equipment
required by the airspace.
3. Arrival or Through Flight Entry Requirements.
No specific requirements.
c. Charts. Class E airspace below 14,500 feet
MSL is charted on Sectional, Terminal, and IFR
Enroute Low Altitude charts.
d. Vertical limits. Except for 18,000 feet MSL,
Class E airspace has no defined vertical limit but
rather it extends upward from either the surface or a
designated altitude to the overlying or adjacent
controlled airspace.
e. Types of Class E Airspace:
1. Surface area designated for an airport.
When designated as a surface area for an
airport, the airspace will be configured to contain all
instrument procedures.
2. Extension to a surface area. There are
ClassE airspace areas that serve as extensions to
Class B, ClassC, and Class D surface areas
designated for an airport. Such airspace provides
controlled airspace to contain standard instrument
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